'분류 전체보기'에 해당되는 글 111건

알콜농도상승기의 음주운전처벌문제

1. 혈중음주 후 혈중알코올농도가 상승하는 동안 운전을 한 경우 즉 음주 후 90분이 경과하기 전에 운전한 경우에는 음주측정의 시간차이가 있는 경우 위드마크 공식을 적용할 수 없다. 이러한 경우 현재까지 혈중알코올농도의 증가치에 관한 연구나 조사가 행해진 적이 없고, 그에 관한 자료도 없으므로, 사후에 측정된 혈중알코올농도가 있다고 한들 이를 기준으로 운전시점의 혈중알코올농도를 판단할 방법이 없는 것이 현실이다. 그렇다고 해서 음주운전자의 처벌을 포기할 수는 없다. 단속할 공익상 필요성이 크기 때문이다.

위드마크 등 인체생리학자들의 연구논문들을 보면 실험참가자의 공복 상태에 일정시간에 일정량의 알코올을 투여한 후 경과시간 변화에 따른 혈중알콜농도를 측정하여 작성한 그래프는 알콜농도 최고치까지 대개 시간에 비례상승하는 일직선을 나타내고 있음을 볼 수 있다.

그러나 실제 음주에 있어서는 시간 차이를 두고 음주를 하게 되며 마신 술은 복용과 동시에 또한 체내 분해가 진행되는 것이므로 신체 안에서 혈중 흡수와 분해가 동시에 이루어지게 되어 음주를 마친 후 단시간이라고 하여 반드시 혈중알콜농도상승기라고 단정할 수 없다는 것이다.

 (실제로 알콜농도상승기에서의 음주운전은 구강내알코올잔류문제, 입헹구기절차문제, 측정기기의 오차문제가 많이 대두되지만 이러한 문제는 없는 것을 전제로 음주운전시각과 음주측정시점에 시간 차이가 있는 경우의 문제를 논하기로 한다)

2. 판례의 해결 사례

혈중알콜농도상승기의 음주운전처벌을 위한 혈중알콜농도판정에 관하여는 일반적으로

가. 음주시간과 운전시간의 간격

나. 운전시점과 호흡측정 내지 혈액측정의 시간간격

다. 단속 내지 측정 당시의 운전자의 상태, 교통사고 등 유발상황

라. 알콜농도하강기 이후의 측정수치에 기한 위드마크공식에 의한 알콜최고수치도달시점과 그 수치등을 참고

하는 등으로 결정할 수밖에 없을 것인 바,

판례에 따라서는 알콜농도상승기의 운전임을 전제로 혈중알콜농도가 최고치에 이를 때까지 시간에 정비례 상승한다는 가정하에 음주운전당시의 혈중알콜농도를 산출하여 위반여부를 판단하기도 하나 다른 각도에서 접근하여 판단하기 어려울 경우의 보조적인 방법으로 보아야 할 것이고 일반적인 경험칙으로 삼을 수는 없는 것이다.

가. 정비례 가정을 적용한 판례 소개

서울고법 2015누27132판결

‘그런데 위 최고치에 도달할 때까지 원고의 혈중알코올농도가 어떤 비율로 증가하는지는 과학적으로 알려진 바 없으므로 위 최고치에 도달하기 30분 전인 이 사건 사고시각에 원고의 혈중알코올농도가 자동차운전면허취소 기준인 0.1%를 넘는다고 단정할 아무런 근거가 없고, 만일 시간에 따라 일정한 비율로 증가하는 경우를 가정하더라도 사고 당시의 원고의 혈중알코올농도는 약 0.090%(= 0.136 × 60/90)가 되어 운전면허취소처분 기준에 미달하게 된다(혈중알코올농도가 21:20경에 최고치에 이르게 되는 경우라면 사고시각의 혈중알코올농도는 더욱 낮은 수치가 될 것이다).

대법원 2006두15035판결(위 서울고법 2015누27132판결의 상고심)

최종 음주 후 90분이 경과한 다음 혈중알코올농도가 최고치에 이른다는 것을 기초로 계산할 경우, 원고의 혈중알코올농도가 최고치에 이르는 시점은 원고의 최종 음주시각인 위 같은 날 19:50경으로부터 90분이 경과한 위 같은 날 21:20경이라고 할 것이고 원고의 위 운전시점은 그로부터 70분 전이어서 혈중알코올농도가 상승하는 상황에 있었다고 할 것인데, 피고가 이 사건 처분의 기준으로 삼은 원고의 위 혈중알코올농도 0.126%는 원고의 위 운전시점으로부터 195분이 경과한 후에 측정한 혈중알코올농도를 기초로 이른바 위드마크 공식 중 시간경과에 따른 분해소멸에 관한 부분만을 적용하여 역추산한 것이고, 더구나 원고의 위 운전시점의 혈중알코올농도를 역추산한 것도 아니어서 이 사건 처분의 기준이 될 수 없고, 달리 원고가 위 운전시점에 혈중알코올농도 0.1% 이상의 주취상태에 있었음을 인정할 증거가 없으므로, 피고의 이 사건 처분은 부적법하여 취소를 면할 수 없다.

(원심에서 보조적으로 판단한 혈중알콜농도상승기의 알콜농도 정비례 증가 가정에 대하여는 언급이 없다)

전주지방법원 2009. 9. 3. 선고 2009노556 판결(확정)

2009. 2. 28. 20:50 최종음주, 21:10 운전, 21:43 호흡측정결과 0.183%으로 나온 사건에서 운전자가 마신 술의 대부분을 최종음주시각 직전에 마셨다고 보면 혈중알코올농도가 최고치에 이르는 시각은 22:20이고 운전시점의 혈중알코올농도는 0.183%보다는 낮았을 가능성이 있으나, 최종음주시각으로부터 혈중알코올농도가 등가적으로 상승하였다고 가정하면 운전시점의 혈중알코올농도는 약 0.069%(= 0.183 ￗ 20/53) 정도로 예상되는 점 등에 비추어, 운전 당시 0.05% 이상의 주취상태에 있었던 사실이 인정된다고 판시.

나. 알콜콜농도상승기의 혈중알콜농도판단 대한 일반적인 기준을 제시하고 있는 판결 ( 2013도 6285판결, 서울고법 2015누47906판결, )

대법원 2013도6285

운전 시점과 혈중알코올농도의 측정 시점 사이에 시간 간격이 있고 그때가 혈중알코올농도의 상승기로 보이는 경우라 하더라도, 그러한 사정만으로 무조건 실제 운전 시점의 혈중알코올농도가 처벌기준치를 초과한다는 점에 대한 입증이 불가능하다고 볼 수는 없다. 이러한 경우 운전 당시에도 처벌기준치 이상이었다고 볼 수 있는지 여부는 운전과 측정 사이의 시간 간격, 측정된 혈중알코올농도의 수치와 처벌기준치의 차이, 음주를 지속한 시간 및 음주량, 단속 및 측정 당시 운전자의 행동 양상, 교통사고가 있었다면 그 사고의 경위 및 정황 등 증거에 의하여 인정되는 여러 사정을 종합적으로 고려하여 논리와 경험칙에 따라 합리적으로 판단하여야 한다.

주위적공소사실: 피고인은 2012. 7. 8. 02:31경 혈중알코올농도 0.201%의 주취 상태로 운전을 하였다’는 것으로서 그 적용법조는 도로교통법 제148조의2 제2항 제1호(혈중알코올농도가 0.2% 이상인 경우)이다.

피고인의 운전 시점은 혈중알코올농도의 상승시점인지 하강시점인지를 확정하기 어려운 때인 것으로 보이고 운전을 종료한 때로부터 35분이 경과한 시점에서 측정된 혈중알코올농도가 위 규정이 적용되는 기준치인 0.2%를 불과 0.001% 초과한 경우이므로, 실제 운전 시점의 혈중알코올농도가 위 처벌기준치를 초과하였다고 단정할 수는 없다고 할 것이다.

예비적공소사실:피고인은 2012. 7. 8. 02:31경 혈중알코올농도 0.08%의 주취 상태로 운전을 하였다’는 것으로서 그 적용법조는 도로교통법 제148조의2 제2항 제3호(혈중알코올농도가 0.05% 이상 0.1% 미만인 경우)이다.

우선 앞서 본 바와 같이 이 사건의 경우 피고인이 운전을 종료한 시점과 호흡측정을 한 시점의 시간 간격은 23분에 불과하고, 그 측정된 수치가 0.08%로서 처벌기준치인 0.05%를 크게 상회하고 있다.

제1심이 증거로 채택한 주취운전자정황진술보고서에는 위 호흡측정 당시의 피고인의 상태에 대해서 ‘언행은 더듬거림, 보행은 약간 비틀거림, 혈색은 약간 붉음’이라고 기재되어 있고, 제1심이 적법하게 채택한 증거들에 의하면 당시 피고인이 단속된 이유는 피고인이 운전 중 택시와 시비가 되어 정차하여 서로 이야기를 하게 되었는데 택시기사가 술냄새를 맡고 경찰에 신고하였기 때문임을 알 수 있다. 즉 당시 피고인은 외관상으로도 상당히 취해 있었던 것으로 보인다.

비록 앞서 본 ‘음주 후 30분∼90분 사이에 혈중알코올농도가 최고치에 이른다’는 일반적인 기준을 피고인에게 유리하게 적용할 경우 음주 종료 시부터 46분이 경과한 위 호흡측정 당시 및 58분이 경과한 혈액측정 당시에도 여전히 혈중알코올농도의 상승기라고 볼 여지가 있기는 하지만, 피고인의 경찰 및 법정에서의 진술에 의하면 피고인은 2012. 7. 7. 23:30경부터 2시간 이상에 걸쳐 국수, 제육볶음 등의 안주와 함께 술을 마셨다는 것이므로 반드시 상승기에 있었다고 단정하기는 어려워 보인다.

위 호흡측정으로부터 불과 12분만에 피고인의 요구에 따라 혈액측정이 있었고 그 수치가 0.201%로 측정되었는데, 앞서 본 바와 같이 운전 종료시점에 0.2%가 넘었을 것이라고 단정하기는 어렵다고 하더라도, 적어도 0.05% 이상이었을 가능성은 충분해 보인다.

2015누47906(서울고법)

‘만약 운전을 종료한 때가 상승기에 속하여 있다면 실제 측정된 혈중알코올농도보다 운전 당시의 혈중알코올농도가 더 낮을 가능성이 있다. 그러나 비록 운전 시점과 혈중알코올농도의 측정 시점 사이에 시간 간격이 있고 그 때가 혈중알코올농도의 상승기로 보이는 경우라 하더라도, 그러한 사정만으로 무조건 실제 운전시점의 혈중알코올농도가 음주운전 단속기준치를 초과한다는 점에 대한 입증이 불가능하다고 볼 수는 없다. 이러한 경우 운전 당시에도 음주운전 단속기준치 이상이었다고 볼 수 있는지 여부는 운전과 측정 사이의 시간 간격, 측정된 혈중알코올농도의 수치와 음주운전 단속기준치의 차이, 음주를 지속한 시간 및 음주량, 단속 및 측정 당시 운전 자의 행동 양상, 교통사고가 있었다면 그 사고의 경위 및 정황 등 증거에 의하여 인정 되는 여러 사정을 종합적으로 고려하여 논리와 경험칙에 따라 합리적으로 판단하여야 한다(대법원 2013. 10. 24. 선고 2013도6285 판결 참조).

원고의 경우 운전을 종료한 시점부터 약 6분만에 이 사건 음주측정이 이루어지긴 하였으나 그 측정된 혈중알코올농도가 음주운전 단속기준치인 0.050%에 불과하므로, 당시가 앞서 본 바와 같이 혈중알코올농도의 상승기였던 사정과 호흡측정기 자체의 오차범위까지 감안한다면(원고의 혈중알코올농도 측정결과는 정확히 음주운전 단속기준인 0.050%였는바, 음주측정기의 오차 허용범위를 고려하여 측정된 혈중알코올농도보다 5% 낮게 음주측정기의 측정값이 표시되도록 보정하였음을 감안하더라도, 단속기준치 초과 여부를 판단할 때에 있어서는 측정치 자체의 오차 범위에 대한 고려를 배제할 수는 없다), 이 사건 음주측정 시점보다 이전인 원고의 운전 종료 시점의 실제 혈중알코올농도 수치는 위 0.050%보다 낮을 가능성을 배제할 수 없다.이 사건 단속 당시 원고의 혈색은 약간 붉고 보행 또한 약간 비틀거렸던 것으로 보이나 원고의 언행상태는 양호하였던 것으로 보인다‘

3. 이러한 판결들에서 공통적으로 혈중알콜농도상승기였을 가능성을 배제할 수 없다는 표현을 사용하는 이유는 당사자가 주장하는 최종 음주시간이 실제 최종 음주시각과 일치한다는 보장이 없고 또 음주는 일시에 이루어지는 것이 아니라 천천히 시간을 두고 행해지는 것이므로 혈중알콜농도 추산에 있어서 중요한 음주시로부터의 경과시간이라는 인자의 증거가 대부분 애매한데 만약 다른 증거로 음주운전과 혈중알콜농도의 법정기준치초과에 대한 입증이 부족하여 음주와 혈중알콜농도상승기여부를 밝혀야 할 경우에 그 입증책임이 경찰에 있기 때문에 당사자에 유리하게 판단하면서 이러한 표현을 사용하게 되는 것이다. 만약 다른 방법으로 충분히 입증이 되었다고 볼 경우에는 이러한 애매한 가능성으로 음주운전자를 구제할 이유는 없는 것이다.

음주운전의 알콜농도판정은 기술적인 한계로 인하여 판례 역시 명쾌한 기준을 제시하지는 못하여 경우에 따라 모순된 판례들이 나오고 있는데 특히 알콜농도상승기의 음주측정에 관하여는 위에서 제시한 판례와 같은 노력에도 불구하고 아직은 구체적이고 일관된 기준을 정립하지 못하고 있음이 두드러진다.

실제 음주량과 음주방식에 대한 자료가 사실대로 현출되는 경우는 사실상 특수한 경우 외에는 거의 존재하지 아니하는 것이고, 현실적으로 음주운전자의 진술자료에 의존하여야 하는 문제와 과학적 경험칙 도출문제를 조화시키기 어렵다.

필자의 생각으로는 위 두 문제를 혼동하지 않는 이론적 실무적 체계의 확립이 필요하다고 본다. 아직 이 부분에 대한 경험칙은 정립되지 않았지만 인체생리학의 연구논문들은 많으며 일정시점에 일정량의 알콜을 투입한 경우 혈중알콜농도최고지점까지 일직선으로 상승하는 것이 대부분의 연구결과가 일치한다.

따라서 모든 사건에서 음주량과 음주방식을 적극적으로 소명하도록 하고 그에 대한 신빙성 있는 자료가 있으면 수직상승방정식을 원용 못할 바도 아니라고 보며,

당사자가 음주량과 음주방식에 대하여 충분한 소명을 못할 경우에는 그렇다고 하여 일부 판례처럼 카드결제시각 내지 음주종료시각에 일시에 음주를 한 것을 전제로 측정하게 되면 음주단속의 행정목적을 거의 달성하지 못하게 될 것이므로

그런 경우(현실적으로 대부분의 경우) 음주측정시간이 음주운전시간과 큰 차이가 없을 때는 일정한 오차범위 내에서 시간문제를 무시할 수 있다는 기준을 정립할 필요가 있을 듯 하다.

이것은 사실상 과학적 문제라기보다 규범의 문제이므로 형사사건에서 양형기준을 정하듯이 어느 정도 유형화할 필요가 있다고 본다.

신종현 변호사

위 게시글뿐 아니라 본 블로그의 대부분의 글은 본 변호사가 저작권을 보유하므로 무단 전재를 금합니다. 

재정학의 승수효과이론의 오류와 부채의존 경제학의 문제

필자는 법과대학시절에 배모 교수의 재정학강의가 필수과목이었는데 교과서에는 미적분공식까지 다수 동원하여 정부투자의 결과 (1+△x)의 승수효과가 창출되고 이것이 연쇄반응을 일으켜 거대한 가속도 효과를 발생시킨다는 이론으로 도배되어 있었다.

지금와서 생각하니 이 이론은 케인즈에 의하여 강하게 대두되고 새뮤엘슨에 의하여 수학공식화된 케인즈-새뮤엘슨 류의 공급경제학이론이다.

그런데 교과서에는 누구의 이론을 원용한다거나 누구의 창안에 의한 수학공식이라는 주석이 없어 교과서의 저자가 자기 이론처럼 전개되어 있었고,

또 그에 대한 아무런 이설도 논의되지 않았던 것이다.

대 서울법대의 수재들에게(필자만 빼고!) 그런 식으로 강의한 것이 과거의 현실이었고 현재는 어떤지 모르겠다.

공급경제학은 오늘날 도전받고 있음에도 정치가들은 정치적 목적에 적합하므로 여전히 인기있는 이론이기는 하다.

그러나 돈 빌려서 공급을 창조함으로써 수요창조를 하자는 공급경제학의 현주소를 보자.

세계 각국은 선진국 후진국을 막론하고 막대한 국가부채와 개인부채 문제가 없는 나라가 없는 실정이다. 동시에 진행되는 경제학의 규모전쟁은 전 세계 모든 분야에 스며들어 자고 일어나면 기업인수합병 이야기다.

필자가 볼 때 오히려 공급경제학이나 규모의 경제학은 낭비와 비효율의 경제학이라고 말할 수 있다. 일단 공공의 좋은 목적으로 돈을 풀어 투자를 하지만 그 와중에 관련공무원의 손에 이미 막대한 돈이 흘러 들어가고, 중간 거래시마다 커미션이 날아가고, 원래의 목적에 쓰여지는 돈은 그 일부에 불과하다.

그러므로 승수효과는커녕 (1-△x)의 제수효과가 있다고 볼 것이며,

결국 시간이 지나면 투자효과는 제로가 된다.

투자의 승수효과는 투자효과에 관하여 생기는 것이 아니라 투자를 위하여 빌린 채무에 관하여 발생한다. 채무의 승수효과에 의하여 시간이 지나면 채무는 기하급수적으로 증대한다. 우리나라 국가부채의 연도별 변화를 보면 알 수 있다.

규모의 경제학도 결국 불필요한 절차와 불필요한 인력의 개입과 책임의 회피와 자기조절력을 상실한 비탄력적인 일의 흐름으로 인하여 비용의 낭비는 물론 돌이킬 수 없는 대실패를 야기할 확률이 있다.

사후영장주의 위배한 위법한 채혈측정에 의한 운전면허취소는 위법하다는 대법원판결( 대법원 2016.12.27 선고 2014두46850판결)을 소개합니다. 

종전에  형사사건에 관하여는 위법수사배제원칙의 적용으로 음주운전에 대한 강제채혈수사는 금지되었다.

판례를 소개하자면 '법원으로부터 영장 또는 감정처분허가장을 발부받지 아니한채 피의자 동의없이 피의자의 신체로부터 혈액을 채취하고 사후적으로도 지체없이 이에 대한 영장을 발부받지도 아니한채 혈중 알콜농도감정이 이루어졌다면, 이러한 감정결과보고서 등은 형사소송법상의 영장주의 원칙을 위반하여 수집되거나 그에 기초한 증거로서 설령 피고인이나 변호인의 증거동의가 있더라도 유죄 인정의 증거로 사용할 수 없다' (대법원 2009도 2109판결)

그런데 대법원은 형사사건 아닌 행정사건에서도 동일한 원칙을 선언한 것이다.

원심은 위법한 채혈측정에 관하여 형사사건에서의 위법수사배제원칙이 행정사건에 그대로 적용되지 아니한다라는 이유로 원고 청구를 기각하였으나 대법원은 행정사건에도 위법한 조사를 근거로 한 행정처분은 위법하여 취소를 면할 수 없다고 선언하였다.

이 사건은 원심에서 원고의 상고로 2014.12.17 대법원에 사건이 접수되었는데 지난 2016.12.27에 비로소 선고되어 접수한지 2년이 넘어서야 선고를 하였으니 대법원으로서도 고심에 판 판결인 것이다.

중요한 사건이므로 판결 전문을 소개한다.

주 문

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 부산고등법원에 환송한다.

이 유

상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 원심은, 원고가 2012. 10. 26. 04:25경 승용차를 운전하여 김해시 도로를 진행하던 중 가드레일 등을 충격함으로써 중상을 입은 사고가 발생하여 의식이 없는 상태로 병원 응급센터로 후송된 사실, 담당 경찰관은 같은 날 06:05경 음주측정기에 의한 호흡 측정을 할 수 없다는 사유로 원고의 어머니의 동의하에 원고의 혈액을 채취(이하 ‘이 사건 채혈’이라 한다)한 사실, 위 경찰관은 이 사건 채혈과 관련하여 원고의 동의를 얻거나 사후에 법원으로부터 영장을 발부받지는 않은 사실, 이 사건 채혈로 채취된 원고의 혈액을 감정한 결과 원고의 혈중알콜농도는 0.125%로 분석된 사실, 피고는 2013.3. 6. 원고에 대하여 음주운전을 이유로 자동차운전면허를 취소(이하 ‘이 사건 처분’이라 한다)한 사실 등을 인정한 다음, 형사소송의 위법수집증거배제법칙이 행정소송에 그대로 적용된다고 볼 수 없고 원고의 어머니로부터 채혈에 대한 동의를 얻는 등 이 사건 채혈의 수단․ 방법이 현저히 반사회적이거나 원고의 인격권을 중대하게 침해한다고 볼 수 없어 주취운전자 적발보고서의 증거능력이 인정되며, 이에 따라 원고가 혈중알코올농도 0.125%의 술에 취한 상태로 음주운전하였다는 사실이 인정되므로 이 사건처분은 적법하다고 판단하였다.

2. 그러나 원심의 위와 같은 판단은 다음과 같은 이유로 수긍하기 어렵다.

도로교통법은 술에 취한 상태에서 자동차등을 운전한 경우 형사처벌규정을 두고 있을 뿐만 아니라(제148조의2 제2항), 운전면허를 받은 사람이 술에 취한 상태에서 자동차등을 운전한 경우 지방경찰청장이 운전면허를 취소하거나 1년 이내의 범위에서 운전면허의 효력을 정지시킬 수 있도록 규정하고 있다(제93조 제1항 제1호).

한편 도로교통법 제44조는 술에 취한 상태에서 자동차등을 운전하여서는 아니 된다고 규정하면서(제1항), 경찰공무원은 교통의 안전과 위험방지를 위하여 필요하다고 인정하거나 술에 취한 상태에서 자동차등을 운전하였다고 인정할 만한 상당한 이유가 있는 경우에는 운전자가 술에 취하였는지를 호흡조사로 측정할 수 있고, 이 경우 운전자는 경찰공무원의 측정에 응하여야 하며(제2항), 위와 같은 측정 결과에 불복하는 운전자에 대하여는 그 운전자의 동의를 받아 혈액 채취 등의 방법으로 다시 측정할 수 있다고 규정하고 있다(제3항). 나아가 도로교통법 제54조 제6항과 도로교통법 시행령 제32조 제4호는 경찰공무원은 교통사고가 발생한 경우에 술에 취하거나 약물을 투여한 상태에서의 운전 여부 등에 관하여 필요한 조사를 하여야 한다고 규정하고 있다.

이처럼 국가경찰공무원이 도로교통법 규정에 따라 호흡측정 또는 혈액 검사 등의 방법으로 운전자가 술에 취한 상태에서 운전하였는지를 조사하는 것은, 수사기관과 경찰행정조사자의 지위를 겸하는 주체가 형사소송에서 사용될 증거를 수집하기 위한 수사로서의 성격을 가짐과 아울러 교통상 위험의 방지를 목적으로 하는 운전면허 정지․ 취소의 행정처분을 위한 자료를 수집하는 행정조사의 성격을 동시에 가지고 있다고 볼 수 있다.

그런데 음주운전 여부에 관한 위 각 조사방법 중 혈액 채취(이하 ‘채혈’이라고 한다)는 상대방의 신체에 대한 직접적인 침해를 수반하는 방법으로서, 이에 관하여 도로교통법은 호흡조사와 달리 운전자에게 조사에 응할 의무를 부과하는 규정을 두지 아니할뿐만 아니라, 측정에 앞서 운전자의 동의를 받도록 규정하고 있으므로(제44조 제3항), 운전자의 동의 없이 임의로 채혈조사를 하는 것은 허용되지 아니한다.

그리고 수사기관이 범죄 증거를 수집할 목적으로 운전자의 동의 없이 그 혈액을 취득․ 보관하는 행위는 형사소송법상 ‘감정에 필요한 처분’ 또는 ‘압수’로서 법원의 감정처분허가장이나 압수영장이 있어야 가능하고, 다만 음주운전 중 교통사고를 야기한 후 운전자가 의식불명 상태에 빠져 있는 등으로 호흡조사에 의한 음주측정이 불가능하고 채혈에 대한 동의를 받을 수도 없으며 법원으로부터 감정처분허가장이나 사전 압수영장을 발부받을 시간적 여유도 없는 긴급한 상황이 발생한 경우에는 수사기관은 예외적인 요건 하에 음주운전 범죄의 증거 수집을 위하여 운전자의 동의나 사전 영장 없이 혈액을 채취하여 압수할 수 있으나 이 경우에도 형사소송법에 따라 사후에 지체 없이 법원으로부터 압수영장을 받아야 한다(대법원 2012. 11. 15. 선고 2011도15258 판결 참조). 따라서 음주운전 여부에 대한 조사 과정에서 운전자 본인의 동의를 받지 아니하고 또한 법원의 영장도 없이 채혈조사를 한 결과를 근거로 한 운전면허 정지․ 취소 처분은 도로교통법 제44조 제3항을 위반한 것으로서 특별한 사정이 없는 한 위법한 처분으로 볼 수밖에 없다.

이러한 법리에 비추어 앞서 본 사실관계를 살펴보면, 원고가 운전 중 교통사고를 야기하고 의식이 없는 상태로 병원에 후송된 상태에서 경찰관이 원고 본인의 동의를 받지 아니한 채 이 사건 채혈을 하고 이에 대하여 법원의 사후 영장을 받지 아니하였음에도 그 채혈조사결과를 근거로 이 사건 처분을 하였으므로, 이 사건 처분은 도로교통법 제44조 제3항을 위반한 것으로서 위법하다고 보아야 한다.

그럼에도 원심은 그 판시와 같이 채혈조사결과가 기재된 서증의 증거능력이 인정된다는 등의 이유만으로 이 사건 처분이 적법하다고 판단하였으니, 이러한 원심의 판단에는 도로교통법에 따른 채혈조사에 관한 법리를 오해하여 판결에 영향을 미친 위법이 있다. 이 점을 지적하는 상고이유 주장은 이유 있다.

3. 그러므로 원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 다시 심리․ 판단하도록 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여, 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

2017년 상반기 건설임금실태조사보고서

2017년 상반기 임금실태조사보고서를 올립니다.

조사기준은 2016.9.1.-9.30이고 적용기준은 2017.1.1.인데 법원의 손해배상산정 실무에서는 조사기준일에 소급하여 적용하는 것이 보통이다.

2017년 상반기 적용 건설업 임금실태조사 보고서.pdf

2017년도 개인회생 최저생계비

 개인회생사무처리지침 재판례규 1556호 제7조 2항에 의하면(2006.1.1.부터 시행됨)

법 제579조제4호제다목의 " 국민기초생활보장법 제6조의 규정에 따라 공표된 최저생계비, 채무자 및 그 피부양자의 연령, 피부양자의 수, 거주지역, 물가상황, 그 밖에 필요한 사항을 종합적으로 고려하여 법원이 정하는 금액"은 국민기초생활보장법 제6조의 규정에 따라 공표된 개인회생절차개시신청 당시의 기준 중위소득에 100분의 60을 곱한 금액으로 산정하는 것을 원칙으로 하되, 특별한 사정이 있는 경우에는 적절히 증감할 수 있다.“

로 되어 있고 이 중위소득 기준 60%는 시설생계급여(종전의 최저생계비)의 150%와 수치상 일치한다.

2017년 기준중위소득 등 상세자료는 보건복지부 홈페이지 법령란 훈령예규고시지침항목에 가서 받을 수 있다. 

영어원서를 보다가 나온 명구를 여기 올려둔다.

1.  John Milton 의 가면극 Comus 에서 달콤한 유혹을 거절하는 lady 의 대사의 한 구절

'None but such as are good men can give good things.

and that which is not good is not delicious to a well-governed and wise appetite.'

'좋은 사람만이 좋은 것을 줄 수 있는 법이죠! 그리고 좋지 않은 선물은 사려분별이 있고 현명한 사람에게는 결코 달콤하지 않다구요! '

 - 그러니 좋은 사람하고만 무엇이든 주고 받으라.

음, 변호사가 어려운 소송에서 승소 후에 의리를 모르는 의뢰인으로부터 약정한 성공보수금을 받는 것도 역시 독의 요소가 있다. 성공보수금을 주기 싫어서 은혜입은 변호사를 베니스의 악덕상인 취급하는 의뢰인은 변호사인 나에게 항상 생각할 화두를 준다.

2.  Shakespeare의 Romeo and Juliett에서 

Romeo가 Lawrence 신부에게 선언한 Juliett에 대한 표현

'I pray thee chide me not. Her I love now doth grace for grace and love for love allow; the other did not so.‘

 '제발 절 놀리지 마세요. 내가 사랑하는 그녀는 호의에는 호의로 사랑에는 사랑으로 답할 줄 알지요; 로잘린은 그렇지 않았어요.'

- 그러니까 예쁘다고 해서 줄리엣이 아니고 사랑에 답할 줄 알기에 쥴리엣인 것이다. 정열적인 성품을 타고난 동시에 여러 가지 잣대로 사랑 앞에 망설이는 나이가 되기 전이었기에 쥴리엣이다.  원작에서 로잘린에 대한 짝사랑으로 실연에 빠졌던 로미오가 쥴리엣을 우연히 만난 후 하루 아침에 변하는 과정에서 쥴리엣과 로잘린을 대비하여 쥴리엣을 드러내고 있는데 나는 이부분이 로미오와 쥴리엣의 핵심부분의 하나라고 생각한다.  

Noting this penury, to myself I said

 'An if a man did need a poison now, whose sale is present death in Mantua,

Here lives a caitiff wretch would sell it him.'

 "이런 궁상을 보고 나는 혼자 말했다. ‘만약 독약이 필요하다면, 만투아에서는 독약을 파는 것은 바로 사형이지만, 여기 그것을 팔 비겁한 가련한 자가 있다.’ "

 - 가난한 약사는 독약도 팔지만, 가난한 변호사는 올바른 길을 잃게 될 확률이 있을 것이다.

3. 속담

'He that doth what he will, doth not what he ought.‘

제가 하고 싶은 대로 하는 자는 해야 할 일을 하지 않는 것이 된다.

이해타산에 빠르고 말과 행동이 방자한 자는 정작 해야 할 행동은 하지 않는다. 요즘 기가 너무 살아서 말과 행동이 넘치는 젊은이들에게 해주고 싶은 말이다. 그리고 자의에 고삐를 물릴 줄 모르는 것은 바로 모든 범죄의 원인이기도 하다.

4. 영어신문에서 본 명언 하나 소개

'Rights aren't begged for, nor given. Rights are conquered and fought for. We fought for our right and we conquered it.' 

(베네주엘라의 정치가 Leopoldo Lopez의 연설문 중에서 인용)

'정의는 구걸하는 것이 아니고 그냥 얻는 것도 아닙니다. 정의는 정복하는 것이고 싸워서 얻는 것입니다. 우리는 싸워서 정의를 쟁취하였습니다.'

CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

[Enforcement Date 25. Feb, 1988.] [Constitution No.10, 29. Oct, 1987., Whole Amendment]

PREAMBLE

We, the people of Korea, proud of a resplendent history and traditions dating from time immemorial, upholding the cause of the Provisional Republic of Korea Government born of the March First Independence Movement of 1919 and the democratic ideals of the April Nineteenth Uprising of 1960 against injustice, having assumed the mission of democratic reform and peaceful unification of our homeland and having determined to consolidate national unity with justice, humanitarianism and brotherly love, and To destroy all social vices and injustice, and To afford equal opportunities to every person and provide for the fullest development of individual capabilities in all fields, including political, economic, social and cultural life by further strengthening the basic free and democratic order conducive to private initiative and public harmony, and To help each person discharge those duties and responsibilities concomitant to freedoms and rights, and To elevate the quality of life for all citizens and contribute to lasting world peace and the common prosperity of mankind and thereby to ensure security, liberty and happiness for ourselves and our posterity forever, Do hereby amend, through national referendum following a resolution by the National Assembly, the Constitution, ordained and established on the Twelfth Day of July anno Domini Nineteen hundred and forty-eight, and amended eight times subsequently. Oct. 29, 1987

CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1(1) The Republic of Korea shall be a democratic republic.

(2) The sovereignty of the Republic of Korea shall reside in the people, and all state authority shall emanate from the people.

Article 2(1) Nationality in the Republic of Korea shall be prescribed by Act.

(2) It shall be the duty of the State to protect citizens residing abroad as prescribed by Act.

Article 3

The territory of the Republic of Korea shall consist of the Korean peninsula and its adjacent islands.

Article 4

The Republic of Korea shall seek unification and shall formulate and carry out a policy of peaceful unification based on the basic free and democratic order.

Article 5(1) The Republic of Korea shall endeavor to maintain international peace and shall renounce all aggressive wars.

(2) The Armed Forces shall be charged with the sacred mission of national security and the defense of the land and their political neutrality shall be maintained.

Article 6(1) Treaties duly concluded and promulgated under the Constitution and the generally recognized rules of international law shall have the same effect as the domestic laws of the Republic of Korea.

(2) The status of aliens shall be guaranteed as prescribed by international law and treaties.

Article 7(1) All public officials shall be servants of the entire people and shall be responsible to the people.

(2) The status and political impartiality of public officials shall be guaranteed as prescribed by Act.

Article 8(1) The establishment of political parties shall be free, and the plural party system shall be guaranteed.

(2) Political parties shall be democratic in their objectives, organization and activities, and shall have the necessary organizational arrangements for the people to participate in the formation of the political will.

(3) Political parties shall enjoy the protection of the State and may be provided with operational funds by the State under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(4) If the purposes or activities of a political party are contrary to the fundamental democratic order, the Government may bring an action against it in the Constitutional Court for its dissolution, and the political party shall be dissolved in accordance with the decision of the Constitutional Court.

Article 9

The State shall strive to sustain and develop the cultural heritage and to enhance national culture.

CHAPTER II RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENS

Article 10

All citizens shall be assured of human worth and dignity and have the right to pursue happiness. It shall be the duty of the State to confirm and guarantee the fundamental and inviolable human rights of individuals.

Article 11(1) All citizens shall be equal before the law, and there shall be no discrimination in political, economic, social or cultural life on account of sex, religion or social status.

(2) No privileged caste shall be recognized or ever established in any form.

(3) The awarding of decorations or distinctions of honor in any form shall be effective only for recipients, and no privileges shall ensue therefrom.

Article 12(1) All citizens shall enjoy personal liberty. No person shall be arrested, detained, searched, seized or interrogated except as provided by Act. No person shall be punished, placed under preventive restrictions or subject to involuntary labor except as provided by Act and through lawful procedures.

(2) No citizen shall be tortured or be compelled to testify against himself in criminal cases.

(3) Warrants issued by a judge through due procedures upon the request of a prosecutor shall be presented in case of arrest, detention, seizure or search: Provided, That in a case where a criminal suspect is an apprehended flagrante delicto, or where there is danger that a person suspected of committing a crime punishable by imprisonment of three years or more may escape or destroy evidence, investigative authorities may request an ex post facto warrant.

(4) Any person who is arrested or detained shall have the right to prompt assistance of counsel. When a criminal defendant is unable to secure counsel by his own efforts, the State shall assign counsel for the defendant as prescribed by Act.

(5) No person shall be arrested or detained without being informed of the reason therefor and of his right to assistance of counsel. The family, etc., as designated by Act, of a person arrested or detained shall be notified without delay of the reason for and the time and place of the arrest or detention.

(6) Any person who is arrested or detained, shall have the right to request the court to review the legality of the arrest or detention.

(7) In a case where a confession is deemed to have been made against a defendant's will due to torture, violence, intimidation, unduly prolonged arrest, deceit or etc., or in a case where a confession is the only evidence against a defendant in a formal trial, such a confession shall not be admitted as evidence of guilt, nor shall a defendant be punished by reason of such a confession.

Article 13(1) No citizen shall be prosecuted for an act which does not constitute a crime under the Act in force at the time it was committed, nor shall he be placed in double jeopardy.

(2) No restriction shall be imposed upon the political rights of any citizen, nor shall any person be deprived of property rights by means of retroactive legislation.

(3) No citizen shall suffer unfavorable treatment on account of an act not of his own doing but committed by a relative.

Article 14

All citizens shall enjoy freedom of residence and the right to move at will.

Article 15

All citizens shall enjoy freedom of occupation.

Article 16

All citizens shall be free from intrusion into their place of residence. In case of search or seizure in a residence, a warrant issued by a judge upon request of a prosecutor shall be presented.

Article 17

The privacy of no citizen shall be infringed.

Article 18

The privacy of correspondence of no citizen shall be infringed.

Article 19

All citizens shall enjoy freedom of conscience.

Article 20(1) All citizens shall enjoy freedom of religion.

(2) No state religion shall be recognized, and religion and state shall be separated.

Article 21(1) All citizens shall enjoy freedom of speech and the press, and freedom of assembly and association.

(2) Licensing or censorship of speech and the press, and licensing of assembly and association shall not be recognized.

(3) The standards of news service and broadcast facilities and matters necessary to ensure the functions of newspapers shall be determined by Act.

(4) Neither speech nor the press shall violate the honor or rights of other persons nor undermine public morals or social ethics. Should speech or the press violate the honor or rights of other persons, claims may be made for the damage resulting therefrom.

Article 22(1) All citizens shall enjoy freedom of learning and the arts.

(2) The rights of authors, inventors, scientists, engineers and artists shall be protected by Act.

Article 23(1) The right of property of all citizens shall be guaranteed. The contents and limitations thereof shall be determined by Act.

(2) The exercise of property rights shall conform to the public welfare.

(3) Expropriation, use or restriction of private property from public necessity and compensation therefor shall be governed by Act: Provided, That in such a case, just compensation shall be paid.

Article 24

All citizens shall have the right to vote under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 25

All citizens shall have the right to hold public office under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 26(1) All citizens shall have the right to petition in writing to any governmental agency under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(2) The State shall be obligated to examine all such petitions.

Article 27(1) All citizens shall have the right to be tried in conformity with the Act by judges qualified under the Constitution and the Act.

(2) Citizens who are not on active military service or employees of the military forces shall not be tried by a court martial within the territory of the Republic of Korea, except in case of crimes as prescribed by Act involving important classified military information, sentinels, sentry posts, the supply of harmful food and beverages, prisoners of war and military articles and facilities and in the case of the proclamation of extraordinary martial law.

(3) All citizens shall have the right to a speedy trial. The accused shall have the right to a public trial without delay in the absence of justifiable reasons to the contrary.

(4) The accused shall be presumed innocent until a judgment of guilt has been pronounced.

(5) A victim of a crime shall be entitled to make a statement during the proceedings of the trial of the case involved as under the conditions prescribed by Act.

Article 28

In a case where a criminal suspect or an accused person who has been placed under detention is not indicted as provided by Act or is acquitted by a court, he shall be entitled to claim just compensation from the State under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 29(1) In case a person has sustained damages by an unlawful act committed by a public official in the course of official duties, he may claim just compensation from the State or public organization under the conditions as prescribed by Act. In this case, the public official concerned shall not be immune from liabilities.

(2) In case a person on active military service or an employee of the military forces, a police official or others as prescribed by Act sustains damages in connection with the performance of official duties such as combat action, drill and so forth, he shall not be entitled to a claim against the State or public organization on the grounds of unlawful acts committed by public officials in the course of official duties, but shall be entitled only to compensations as prescribed by Act.

Article 30

Citizens who have suffered bodily injury or death due to criminal acts of others may receive aid from the State under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 31(1) All citizens shall have an equal right to receive an education corresponding to their abilities.

(2) All citizens who have children to support shall be responsible at least for their elementary education and other education as provided by Act.

(3) Compulsory education shall be free of charge.

(4) Independence, professionalism and political impartiality of education and the autonomy of institutions of higher learning shall be guaranteed under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(5) The State shall promote lifelong education.

(6) Fundamental matters pertaining to the educational system, including in-school and lifelong education, administration, finance, and the status of teachers shall be determined by Act.

Article 32(1) All citizens shall have the right to work. The State shall endeavor to promote the employment of workers and to guarantee optimum wages through social and economic means and shall enforce a minimum wage system under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(2) All citizens shall have the duty to work. The State shall prescribe by Act the extent and conditions of the duty to work in conformity with democratic principles.

(3) Standards of working conditions shall be determined by Act in such a way as to guarantee human dignity.

(4) Special protection shall be accorded to working women, and they shall not be subjected to unjust discrimination in terms of employment, wages and working conditions.

(5) Special protection shall be accorded to working children.

(6) The opportunity to work shall be accorded preferentially, under the conditions as prescribed by Act, to those who have given distinguished service to the State, wounded veterans and policemen, and members of the bereaved families of military servicemen and policemen killed in action.

Article 33(1) To enhance working conditions, workers shall have the right to independent association, collective bargaining and collective action.

(2) Only those public officials who are designated by Act, shall have the right to association, collective bargaining and collective action.

(3) The right to collective action of workers employed by important defense industries may be either restricted or denied under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 34(1) All citizens shall be entitled to a life worthy of human beings.

(2) The State shall have the duty to endeavor to promote social security and welfare.

(3) The State shall endeavor to promote the welfare and rights of women.

(4) The State shall have the duty to implement policies for enhancing the welfare of senior citizens and the young.

(5) Citizens who are incapable of earning a livelihood due to a physical disability, disease, old age or other reasons shall be protected by the State under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(6) The State shall endeavor to prevent disasters and to protect citizens from harm therefrom.

Article 35(1) All citizens shall have the right to a healthy and pleasant environment. The State and all citizens shall endeavor to protect the environment.

(2) The substance of the environmental right shall be determined by Act.

(3) The State shall endeavor to ensure comfortable housing for all citizens through housing development policies and the like.

Article 36(1) Marriage and family life shall be entered into and sustained on the basis of individual dignity and equality of the sexes, and the State shall do everything in its power to achieve that goal.

(2) The State shall endeavor to protect mothers.

(3) The health of all citizens shall be protected by the State.

Article 37(1) Freedoms and rights of citizens shall not be neglected on the grounds that they are not enumerated in the Constitution.

(2) The freedoms and rights of citizens may be restricted by Act only when necessary for national security, the maintenance of law and order or for public welfare. Even when such restriction is imposed, no essential aspect of the freedom or right shall be violated.

Article 38

All citizens shall have the duty to pay taxes under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 39(1) All citizens shall have the duty of national defense under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(2) No citizen shall be treated unfavorably on account of the fulfillment of his obligation of military service.

CHAPTER III THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

Article 40

The legislative power shall be vested in the National Assembly.

Article 41(1) The National Assembly shall be composed of members elected by universal, equal, direct and secret ballot by the citizens.

(2) The number of members of the National Assembly shall be determined by Act, but the number shall not be less than 200.

(3) The constituencies of members of the National Assembly, proportional representation and other matters pertaining to National Assembly elections shall be determined by Act.

Article 42

The term of office of members of the National Assembly shall be four years.

Article 43

Members of the National Assembly shall not concurrently hold any other office prescribed by Act.

Article 44(1) During the sessions of the National Assembly, no member of the National Assembly shall be arrested or detained without the consent of the National Assembly except in case of flagrante delicto.

(2) In case of apprehension or detention of a member of the National Assembly prior to the opening of a session, such member shall be released during the session upon the request of the National Assembly, except in case of flagrante delicto.

Article 45

No member of the National Assembly shall be held responsible outside the National Assembly for opinions officially expressed or votes cast in the Assembly.

Article 46(1) Members of the National Assembly shall have the duty to maintain high standards of integrity.

(2) Members of the National Assembly shall give preference to national interests and shall perform their duties in accordance with conscience.

(3) Members of the National Assembly shall not acquire, through abuse of their positions, rights and interests in property or positions, or assist other persons to acquire the same, by means of contracts with or dispositions by the State, public organizations or industries.

Article 47(1) A regular session of the National Assembly shall be convened once every year under the conditions as prescribed by Act, and extraordinary sessions of the National Assembly shall be convened upon the request of the President or one fourth or more of the total members.

(2) The period of regular sessions shall not exceed a hundred days, and that of extraordinary sessions, thirty days.

(3) If the President requests the convening of an extraordinary session, the period of the session and the reasons for the request shall be clearly specified.

Article 48

The National Assembly shall elect one Speaker and two Vice-Speakers.

Article 49

Except as otherwise provided for in the Constitution or in Act, the attendance of a majority of the total members, and the concurrent vote of a majority of the members present, shall be necessary for decisions of the National Assembly. In case of a tie vote, the matter shall be regarded as rejected.

Article 50(1) Sessions of the National Assembly shall be open to the public: Provided, That when it is decided so by a majority of the members present, or when the Speaker deems it necessary to do so for the sake of national security, they may be closed to the public.

(2) The public disclosure of the proceedings of sessions which were not open to the public shall be determined by Act.

Article 51

Bills and other matters submitted to the National Assembly for deliberation shall not be abandoned on the ground that they were not acted upon during the session in which they were introduced, except in a case where the term of the members of the National Assembly has expired.

Article 52

Bills may be introduced by members of the National Assembly or by the Executive.

Article 53(1) Each bill passed by the National Assembly shall be sent to the Executive, and the President shall promulgate it within fifteen days.

(2) In case of objection to the bill, the President may, within the period referred to in paragraph (1), return it to the National Assembly with written explanation of his objection, and request it be reconsidered. The President may do the same during adjournment of the National Assembly.

(3) The President shall not request the National Assembly to reconsider the bill in part, or with proposed amendments.

(4) In case there is a request for reconsideration of a bill, the National Assembly shall reconsider it, and if the National Assembly repasses the bill in the original form with the attendance of more than one half of the total members, and with a concurrent vote of two thirds or more of the members present, it shall become Act.

(5) If the President does not promulgate the bill, or does not request the National Assembly to reconsider it within the period referred to in paragraph (1), it shall become Act.

(6) The President shall promulgate without delay the Act as finalized under paragraphs (4) and (5). If the President does not promulgate an Act within five days after it has become Act under paragraph (5), or after it has been returned to the Executive under paragraph (4), the Speaker shall promulgate it.

(7) Except as provided otherwise, an Act shall take effect twenty days after the date of promulgation.

Article 54(1) The National Assembly shall deliberate and decide upon the national budget bill.

(2) The Executive shall formulate the budget bill for each fiscal year and submit it to the National Assembly within ninety days before the beginning of a fiscal year. The National Assembly shall decide upon it within thirty days before the beginning of the fiscal year.

(3) If the budget bill is not passed by the beginning of the fiscal year, the Executive may, in conformity with the budget of the previous fiscal year, disburse funds for the following purposes until the budget bill is passed by the National Assembly:

1. The maintenance and operation of agencies and facilities established by the Constitution or Act;

2. Execution of the obligatory expenditures as prescribed by Act; and

3. Continuation of projects previously approved in the budget.

Article 55(1) In a case where it is necessary to make continuing disbursements for a period longer than one fiscal year, the Executive shall obtain the approval of the National Assembly for a specified period of time.

(2) A reserve fund shall be approved by the National Assembly in total. The disbursement of the reserve fund shall be approved during the next session of the National Assembly.

Article 56

When it is necessary to amend the budget, the Executive may formulate a supplementary revised budget bill and submit it to the National Assembly.

Article 57

The National Assembly shall, without the consent of the Executive, neither increase the sum of any item of expenditure nor create any new items of expenditure in the budget submitted by the Executive.

Article 58

When the Executive plans to issue national bonds or to conclude contracts which may incur financial obligations on the State outside the budget, it shall have the prior concurrence of the National Assembly.

Article 59

Types and rates of taxes shall be determined by Act.

Article 60(1) The National Assembly shall have the right to consent to the conclusion and ratification of treaties pertaining to mutual assistance or mutual security; treaties concerning important international organizations; treaties of friendship, trade and navigation; treaties pertaining to any restriction in sovereignty; peace treaties; treaties which will burden the State or people with an important financial obligation; or treaties related to legislative matters.

(2) The National Assembly shall also have the right to consent to the declaration of war, the dispatch of armed forces to foreign states, or the stationing of alien forces in the territory of the Republic of Korea.

Article 61(1) The National Assembly may inspect affairs of state or investigate specific matters of state affairs, and may demand the production of documents directly related thereto, the appearance of a witness in person and the furnishing of testimony or statements of opinion.

(2) The procedures and other necessary matters concerning the inspection and investigation of state administration shall be determined by Act.

Article 62(1) The Prime Minister, members of the State Council or government delegates may attend meetings of the National Assembly or its committees and report on the state administration or deliver opinions and answer questions.

(2) When requested by the National Assembly or its committees, the Prime Minister, members of the State Council or government delegates shall attend any meeting of the National Assembly and answer questions. If the Prime Minister or State Council members are requested to attend, the Prime Minister or State Council members may have State Council members or government delegates attend any meeting of the National Assembly and answer questions.

Article 63(1) The National Assembly may pass a recommendation for the removal of the Prime Minister or a State Council member from office.

(2) A recommendation for removal as referred to in paragraph (1) may be introduced by one third or more of the total members of the National Assembly, and shall be passed with the concurrent vote of a majority of the total members of the National Assembly.

Article 64(1) The National Assembly may establish the rules of its proceedings and internal regulations: Provided, That they are not in conflict with Act.

(2) The National Assembly may review the qualifications of its members and may take disciplinary actions against its members.

(3) The concurrent vote of two thirds or more of the total members of the National Assembly shall be required for the expulsion of any member.

(4) No action shall be brought to court with regard to decisions taken under paragraphs (2) and (3).

Article 65(1) In case the President, the Prime Minister, members of the State Council, heads of Executive Ministries, Justices of the Constitutional Court, judges, members of the National Election Commission, the Chairman and members of the Board of Audit and Inspection, and other public officials designated by Act have violated the Constitution or other Acts in the performance of official duties, the National Assembly may pass motions for their impeachment.

(2) A motion for impeachment prescribed in paragraph (1) may be proposed by one third or more of the total members of the National Assembly, and shall require a concurrent vote of a majority of the total members of the National Assembly for passage: Provided, That a motion for the impeachment of the President shall be proposed by a majority of the total members of the National Assembly and approved by two thirds or more of the total members of the National Assembly.

(3) Any person against whom a motion for impeachment has been passed shall be suspended from exercising his power until the impeachment has been adjudicated.

(4) A decision on impeachment shall not extend further than removal from public office: Provided, That it shall not exempt the person impeached from civil or criminal liability.

CHAPTER IV THE EXECUTIVE

SECTION 1 The President

Article 66(1) The President shall be the Head of State and represent the State vis-a-vis foreign states.

(2) The President shall have the responsibility and duty to safeguard the independence, territorial integrity and continuity of the State and the Constitution.

(3) The President shall have the duty to pursue sincerely the peaceful unification of the homeland.

(4) Executive power shall be vested in the Executive Branch headed by the President.

Article 67(1) The President shall be elected by universal, equal, direct and secret ballot by the people.

(2) In case two or more persons receive the same largest number of votes in the election as referred to in paragraph (1), the person who receives the largest number of votes in an open session of the National Assembly attended by a majority of the total members of the National Assembly shall be elected.

(3) If and when there is only one presidential candidate, he shall not be elected President unless he receives at least one third of the total eligible votes.

(4) Citizens who are eligible for election to the National Assembly, and who have reached the age of forty years or more on the date of the presidential election, shall be eligible to be elected to the presidency.

(5) Matters pertaining to presidential elections shall be determined by Act.

Article 68(1) The successor to the incumbent President shall be elected seventy to forty days before his term expires.

(2) In case a vacancy occurs in the office of the President or the President-elect dies, or is disqualified by a court ruling or for any other reason, a successor shall be elected within sixty days.

Article 69

The President, at the time of his inauguration, shall take the following oath: "I do solemnly swear before the people that I will faithfully execute the duties of the President by observing the Constitution, defending the State, pursuing the peaceful unification of the homeland, promoting the freedom and welfare of the people and endeavoring to develop national culture."

Article 70

The term of office of the President shall be five years, and the President shall not be reelected.

Article 71

If the office of the presidency is vacant or the President is unable to perform his duties for any reason, the Prime Minister or the members of the State Council in the order of priority as determined by Act shall act for him.

Article 72

The President may submit important policies relating to diplomacy, national defense, unification and other matters relating to the national destiny to a national referendum if he deems it necessary.

Article 73

The President shall conclude and ratify treaties; accredit, receive or dispatch diplomatic envoys; and declare war and conclude peace.

Article 74(1) The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces under the conditions as prescribed by the Constitution and Act.

(2) The organization and formation of the Armed Forces shall be determined by Act.

Article 75

The President may issue presidential decrees concerning matters delegated to him by Act with the scope specifically defined and also matters necessary to enforce Acts.

Article 76(1) In time of internal turmoil, external menace, natural calamity or a grave financial or economic crisis, the President may take in respect to them the minimum necessary financial and economic actions or issue orders having the effect of Act, only when it is required to take urgent measures for the maintenance of national security or public peace and order, and there is no time to await the convocation of the National Assembly.

(2) In case of major hostilities affecting national security, the President may issue orders having the effect of Act, only when it is required to preserve the integrity of the nation, and it is impossible to convene the National Assembly.

(3) In case actions are taken or orders are issued under paragraphs (1) and (2), the President shall promptly notify it to the National Assembly and obtain its approval.

(4) In case no approval is obtained, the actions or orders shall lose effect forthwith. In such case, the Acts which were amended or abolished by the orders in question shall automatically regain their original effect at the moment the orders fail to obtain approval.

(5) The President shall, without delay, put on public notice developments under paragraphs (3) and (4).

Article 77(1) When it is required to cope with a military necessity or to maintain the public safety and order by mobilization of the military forces in time of war, armed conflict or similar national emergency, the President may proclaim martial law under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(2) Martial law shall be of two types: extraordinary martial law and precautionary martial law.

(3) Under extraordinary martial law, special measures may be taken with respect to the necessity for warrants, freedom of speech, the press, assembly and association, or the powers of the Executive and the Judiciary under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(4) When the President has proclaimed martial law, he shall notify it to the National Assembly without delay.

(5) When the National Assembly requests the lifting of martial law with the concurrent vote of a majority of the total members of the National Assembly, the President shall comply.

Article 78

The President shall appoint and dismiss public officials under the conditions as prescribed by the Constitution and Act.

Article 79(1) The President may grant amnesty, commutation and restoration of rights under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(2) The President shall receive the consent of the National Assembly in granting a general amnesty.

(3) Matters pertaining to amnesty, commutation and restoration of rights shall be determined by Act.

Article 80

The President shall award decorations and other honors under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 81

The President may attend and address the National Assembly or express his views by written message.

Article 82

The acts of the President under law shall be executed in writing, and such documents shall be countersigned by the Prime Minister and the members of the State Council concerned. The same shall apply to military affairs.

Article 83

The President shall not concurrently hold the office of Prime Minister, a member of the State Council, the head of any Executive Ministry, nor other public or private posts as prescribed by Act.

Article 84

The President shall not be charged with a criminal offense during his tenure of office except for insurrection or treason.

Article 85

Matters pertaining to the status and courteous treatment of former Presidents shall be determined by Act.

SECTION 2 The Executive Branch

Sub-Section 1 The Prime Minister and Members of the State Council

Article 86(1) The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President with the consent of the National Assembly.

(2) The Prime Minister shall assist the President and shall direct the Executive Ministries under order of the President.

(3) No member of the military shall be appointed Prime Minister unless he is retired from active duty.

Article 87(1) The members of the State Council shall be appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.

(2) The members of the State Council shall assist the President in the conduct of State affairs and, as constituents of the State Council, shall deliberate on State affairs.

(3) The Prime Minister may recommend to the President the removal of a member of the State Council from office.

(4) No member of the military shall be appointed a member of the State Council unless he is retired from active duty.

Sub-Section 2 The State Council

Article 88(1) The State Council shall deliberate on important policies that fall within the power of the Executive.

(2) The State Council shall be composed of the President, the Prime Minister, and other members whose number shall be no more than thirty and no less than fifteen.

(3) The President shall be the chairman of the State Council, and the Prime Minister shall be the Vice-Chairman.

Article 89

The following matters shall be referred to the State Council for deliberation:

1. Basic plans for state affairs, and general policies of the Executive;

2. Declaration of war, conclusion of peace and other important matters pertaining to foreign policy;

3. Draft amendments to the Constitution, proposals for national referendums, proposed treaties, legislative bills, and proposed presidential decrees;

4. Budgets, settlement of accounts, basic plans for disposal of state properties, contracts incurring financial obligation on the State, and other important financial matters;

5. Emergency orders and emergency financial and economic actions or orders by the President, and declaration and termination of martial law;

6. Important military affairs;

7. Requests for convening an extraordinary session of the National Assembly;

8. Awarding of honors;

9. Granting of amnesty, commutation and restoration of rights;

10. Demarcation of jurisdiction between Executive Ministries;

11. Basic plans concerning delegation or allocation of powers within the Executive;

12. Evaluation and analysis of the administration of State affairs;

13. Formulation and coordination of important policies of each Executive Ministry;

14. Action for the dissolution of a political party;

15. Examination of petitions pertaining to executive policies submitted or referred to the Executive;

16. Appointment of the Prosecutor General, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Chief of Staff of each armed service, the presidents of national universities, ambassadors, and such other public officials and managers of important State-run enterprises as designated by Act; and

17. Other matters presented by the President, the Prime Minister or a member of the State Council.

Article 90(1) An Advisory Council of Elder Statesmen, composed of elder statesmen, may be established to advise the President on important affairs of State.

(2) The immediate former President shall become the Chairman of the Advisory Council of Elder Statesmen: Provided, That if there is no immediate former President, the President shall appoint the Chairman.

(3) The organization, function and other necessary matters pertaining to the Advisory Council of Elder Statesmen shall be determined by Act.

Article 91(1) A National Security Council shall be established to advise the President on the formulation of foreign, military and domestic policies related to national security prior to their deliberation by the State Council.

(2) The meetings of the National Security Council shall be presided over by the President.

(3) The organization, function and other necessary matters pertaining to the National Security Council shall be determined by Act.

Article 92(1) An Advisory Council on Democratic and Peaceful Unification may be established to advise the President on the formulation of peaceful unification policy.

(2) The organization, function and other necessary matters pertaining to the Advisory Council on Democratic and Peaceful Unification shall be determined by Act.

Article 93(1) A National Economic Advisory Council may be established to advise the President on the formulation of important policies for developing the national economy.

(2) The organization, function and other necessary matters pertaining to the National Economic Advisory Council shall be determined by Act.

Sub-Section 3 The Executive Ministries

Article 94

Heads of Executive Ministries shall be appointed by the President from among members of the State Council on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.

Article 95

The Prime Minister or the head of each Executive Ministry may, under the powers delegated by Act or Presidential Decree, or ex officio, issue ordinances of the Prime Minister or the Executive Ministry concerning matters that are within their jurisdiction.

Article 96

The establishment, organization and function of each Executive Ministry shall be determined by Act.

Sub-Section 4 The Board of Audit and Inspection

Article 97

The Board of Audit and Inspection shall be established under the direct jurisdiction of the President to inspect and examine the settlement of the revenues and expenditures of the State, the accounts of the State and other organizations specified by Act and the job performances of the executive agencies and public officials.

Article 98(1) The Board of Audit and Inspection shall be composed of no less than five and no more than eleven members, including the Chairman.

(2) The Chairman of the Board shall be appointed by the President with the consent of the National Assembly. The term of office of the Chairman shall be four years, and he may be reappointed only once.

(3) The members of the Board shall be appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Chairman. The term of office of the members shall be four years, and they may be reappointed only once.

Article 99

The Board of Audit and Inspection shall inspect the closing of accounts of revenues and expenditures each year, and report the results to the President and the National Assembly in the following year.

Article 100

The organization and function of the Board of Audit and Inspection, the qualifications of its members, the range of the public officials subject to inspection and other necessary matters shall be determined by Act.

CHAPTER V THE COURTS

Article 101(1) Judicial power shall be vested in courts composed of judges.

(2) The courts shall be composed of the Supreme Court, which is the highest court of the State, and other courts at specified levels.

(3) Qualifications for judges shall be determined by Act.

Article 102(1) Departments may be established in the Supreme Court.

(2) There shall be Supreme Court Justices at the Supreme Court: Provided, That judges other than Supreme Court Justices may be assigned to the Supreme Court under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(3) The organization of the Supreme Court and lower courts shall be determined by Act.

Article 103

Judges shall rule independently according to their conscience and in conformity with the Constitution and laws.

Article 104(1) The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President with the consent of the National Assembly.

(2) The Supreme Court Justices shall be appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Chief Justice and with the consent of the National Assembly.

(3) Judges other than the Chief Justice and the Supreme Court Justices shall be appointed by the Chief Justice with the consent of the Conference of Supreme Court Justices.

Article 105(1) The term of office of the Chief Justice shall be six years and he shall not be reappointed.

(2) The term of office of the Justices of the Supreme Court shall be six years and they may be reappointed as prescribed by Act.

(3) The term of office of judges other than the Chief Justice and Justices of the Supreme Court shall be ten years, and they may be reappointed under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(4) The retirement age of judges shall be determined by Act.

Article 106(1) No judge shall be removed from office except by impeachment or a sentence of imprisonment without prison labor or heavier punishment, nor shall he be suspended from office, have his salary reduced or suffer any other unfavorable treatment except by disciplinary action.

(2) In the event a judge is unable to discharge his official duties because of serious mental or physical impairment, he may be retired from office under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 107(1) When the constitutionality of a law is at issue in a trial, the court shall request a decision of the Constitutional Court, and shall judge according to the decision thereof.

(2) The Supreme Court shall have the power to make a final review of the constitutionality or legality of administrative decrees, regulations or actions, when their constitutionality or legality is at issue in a trial.

(3) Administrative appeals may be conducted as a procedure prior to a judicial trial. The procedure of administrative appeals shall be determined by Act and shall be in conformity with the principles of judicial procedures.

Article 108

The Supreme Court may establish, within the scope of Act, regulations pertaining to judicial proceedings and internal discipline and regulations on administrative matters of the court.

Article 109

Trials and decisions of the courts shall be open to the public: Provided, That when there is a danger that such trials may undermine the national security or disturb public safety and order, or be harmful to public morals, trials may be closed to the public by court decision.

Article 110(1) Courts-martial may be established as special courts to exercise jurisdiction over military trials.

(2) The Supreme Court shall have the final appellate jurisdiction over courts-martial.

(3) The organization and authority of courts-martial, and the qualifications of their judges shall be determined by Act.

(4) Military trials under an extraordinary martial law may not be appealed in case of crimes of soldiers and employees of the military; military espionage; and crimes as defined by Act in regard to sentinels, sentry posts, supply of harmful foods and beverages, and prisoners of war, except in the case of a death sentence.

CHAPTER VI THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

Article 111(1) The Constitutional Court shall have jurisdiction over the following matters:

1. The constitutionality of a law upon the request of the courts;

2. Impeachment;

3. Dissolution of a political party;

4. Competence disputes between State agencies, between State agencies and local governments, and between local governments; and

5. Constitutional complaint as prescribed by Act.

(2) The Constitutional Court shall be composed of nine Justices qualified to be court judges, and they shall be appointed by the President.

(3) Among the Justices referred to in paragraph (2), three shall be appointed from persons selected by the National Assembly, and three appointed from persons nominated by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

(4) The president of the Constitutional Court shall be appointed by the President from among the Justices with the consent of the National Assembly.

Article 112(1) The term of office of the Justices of the Constitutional Court shall be six years and they may be reappointed under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(2) The Justices of the Constitutional Court shall not join any political party, nor shall they participate in political activities.

(3) No Justice of the Constitutional Court shall be expelled from office except by impeachment or a sentence of imprisonment without prison labor or heavier punishment.

Article 113(1) When the Constitutional Court makes a decision of the constitutionality of a law, a decision of impeachment, a decision of dissolution of a political party or an affirmative decision regarding the constitutional complaint, the concurrence of six Justices or more shall be required.

(2) The Constitutional Court may establish regulations relating to its proceedings and internal discipline and regulations on administrative matters within the limits of Act.

(3) The organization, function and other necessary matters of the Constitutional Court shall be determined by Act.

CHAPTER VII ELECTION MANAGEMENT

Article 114(1) Election commissions shall be established for the purpose of fair management of elections and national referenda, and dealing with administrative affairs concerning political parties.

(2) The National Election Commission shall be composed of three members appointed by the President, three members selected by the National Assembly, and three members designated by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The Chairman of the Commission shall be elected from among the members.

(3) The term of office of the members of the Commission shall be six years.

(4) The members of the Commission shall not join political parties, nor shall they participate in political activities.

(5) No member of the Commission shall be expelled from office except by impeachment or a sentence of imprisonment without prison labor or heavier punishment.

(6) The National Election Commission may establish, within the limit of Acts and decrees, regulations relating to the management of elections, national referenda, and administrative affairs concerning political parties and may also establish regulations relating to internal discipline that are compatible with Act.

(7) The organization, function and other necessary matters of the election commissions at each level shall be determined by Act.

Article 115(1) Election commissions at each level may issue necessary instructions to administrative agencies concerned with respect to administrative affairs pertaining to elections and national referenda such as the preparation of the pollbooks.

(2) Administrative agencies concerned, upon receipt of such instructions, shall comply.

Article 116(1) Election campaigns shall be conducted under the management of the election commissions at each level within the limit set by Act. Equal opportunity shall be guaranteed.

(2) Except as otherwise prescribed by Act, expenditures for elections shall not be imposed on political parties or candidates.

CHAPTER VIII LOCAL AUTONOMY

Article 117(1) Local governments shall deal with administrative matters pertaining to the welfare of local residents, manage properties, and may enact provisions relating to local autonomy, within the limit of Acts and subordinate statutes.

(2) The types of local governments shall be determined by Act.

Article 118(1) A local government shall have a council.

(2) The organization and powers of local councils, and the election of members; election procedures for heads of local governments; and other matters pertaining to the organization and operation of local governments shall be determined by Act.

CHAPTER IX THE ECONOMY

Article 119(1) The economic order of the Republic of Korea shall be based on a respect for the freedom and creative initiative of enterprises and individuals in economic affairs.

(2) The State may regulate and coordinate economic affairs in order to maintain the balanced growth and stability of the national economy, to ensure proper distribution of income, to prevent the domination of the market and the abuse of economic power and to democratize the economy through harmony among the economic agents.

Article 120(1) Licenses to exploit, develop or utilize minerals and all other important underground resources, marine resources, water power, and natural powers available for economic use may be granted for a period of time under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(2) The land and natural resources shall be protected by the State, and the State shall establish a plan necessary for their balanced development and utilization.

Article 121(1) The State shall endeavor to realize the land-to-the-tillers principle with respect to agricultural land. Tenant farming shall be prohibited.

(2) The leasing of agricultural land and the consignment management of agricultural land to increase agricultural productivity and to ensure the rational utilization of agricultural land or due to unavoidable circumstances, shall be recognized under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 122

The State may impose, under the conditions as prescribed by Act, restrictions or obligations necessary for the efficient and balanced utilization, development and preservation of the land of the nation that is the basis for the productive activities and daily lives of all citizens.

Article 123(1) The State shall establish and implement a plan to comprehensively develop and support the farm and fishing communities in order to protect and foster agriculture and fisheries.

(2) The State shall have the duty to foster regional economies to ensure the balanced development of all regions.

(3) The State shall protect and foster small and medium enterprises.

(4) In order to protect the interests of farmers and fishermen, the State shall endeavor to stabilize the prices of agricultural and fishery products by maintaining an equilibrium between the demand and supply of such products and improving their marketing and distribution systems.

(5) The State shall foster organizations founded on the spirit of self-help among farmers, fishermen and businessmen engaged in small and medium industry and shall guarantee their independent activities and development.

Article 124

The State shall guarantee the consumer protection movement intended to encourage sound consumption activities and improvement in the quality of products under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 125

The State shall foster foreign trade, and may regulate and coordinate it.

Article 126

Private enterprises shall not be nationalized nor transferred to ownership by a local government, nor shall their management be controlled or administered by the State, except in cases as prescribed by Act to meet urgent necessities of national defense or the national economy.

Article 127(1) The State shall strive to develop the national economy by developing science and technology, information and human resources and encouraging innovation.

(2) The State shall establish a system of national standards.

(3) The President may establish advisory organizations necessary to achieve the purpose referred to in paragraph (1).

CHAPTER X AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION

Article 128(1) A proposal to amend the Constitution shall be introduced either by a majority of the total members of the National Assembly or by the President.

(2) Amendments to the Constitution for the extension of the term of office of the President or for a change allowing for the reelection of the President shall not be effective for the President in office at the time of the proposal for such amendments to the Constitution.

Article 129

Proposed amendments to the Constitution shall be put before the public by the President for twenty days or more.

Article 130(1) The National Assembly shall decide upon the proposed amendments within sixty days of the public announcement, and passage by the National Assembly shall require the concurrent vote of two thirds or more of the total members of the National Assembly.

(2) The proposed amendments to the Constitution shall be submitted to a national referendum not later than thirty days after passage by the National Assembly, and shall be determined by more than one half of all votes cast by more than one half of voters eligible to vote in elections for members of the National Assembly.

(3) When the proposed amendments to the Constitution receive the concurrence prescribed in paragraph (2), the amendments to the Constitution shall be finalized, and the President shall promulgate it without delay.

ADDENDA

Article 1

This Constitution shall enter into force on the twenty-fifth day of February, anno Domini Nineteen hundred and eighty-eight: Provided, That the enactment or amendment of Acts necessary to implement this Constitution, the elections of the President and the National Assembly under this Constitution and other preparations to implement this Constitution may be carried out prior to the entry into force of this Constitution.

Article 2

(1) The first presidential election under this Constitution shall be held not later than forty days before this Constitution enters into force.

(2) The term of office of the first President under this Constitution shall commence on the date of its enforcement.

Article 3

(1) The first elections of the National Assembly under this Constitution shall be held within six months from the promulgation of this Constitution. The term of office of the members of the first National Assembly elected under this Constitution shall commence on the date of the first convening of the National Assembly under this Constitution.

(2) The term of office of the members of the National Assembly incumbent at the time this Constitution is promulgated shall terminate the day prior to the first convening of the National Assembly under paragraph (1).

Article 4

(1) Public officials and officers of enterprises appointed by the Government, who are in office at the time of the enforcement of this Constitution, shall be considered as having been appointed under this Constitution: Provided, That public officials whose election procedures or appointing authorities are changed under this Constitution, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Chairman of the Board of Audit and Inspection shall remain in office until such time as their successors are chosen under this Constitution, and their terms of office shall terminate the day before the installation of their successors.

(2) Judges attached to the Supreme Court who are not the Chief Justice or Justices of the Supreme Court and who are in office at the time of the enforcement of this Constitution shall be considered as having been appointed under this Constitution notwithstanding the proviso of paragraph (1).

(3) Those provisions of this Constitution which prescribe the terms of office of public officials or which restrict the number of terms that public officials may serve, shall take effect upon the dates of the first elections or the first appointments of such public officials under this Constitution.

Article 5

Acts, decrees, ordinances and treaties in force at the time this Constitution enters into force, shall remain valid unless they are contrary to this Constitution.

Article 6

Those organizations existing at the time of the enforcement of this Constitution which have been performing the functions falling within the authority of new organizations to be created under this Constitution, shall continue to exist and perform such functions until such time as the new organizations are created under this Constitution.