'기타/법률영어'에 해당되는 글 3건

대한민국헌법

[시행 1988.2.25.] [헌법 제10, 1987.10.29., 전부개정]

 

유구한 역사와 전통에 빛나는 우리 대한국민은 3·1운동으로 건립된 대한민국임시정부의 법통과 불의에 항거한 4·19민주이념을 계승하고, 조국의 민주개혁과 평화적 통일의 사명에 입각하여 정의·인도와 동포애로써 민족의 단결을 공고히 하고, 모든 사회적 폐습과 불의를 타파하며, 자율과 조화를 바탕으로 자유민주적 기본질서를 더욱 확고히 하여 정치·경제·사회·문화의 모든 영역에 있어서 각인의 기회를 균등히 하고, 능력을 최고도로 발휘하게 하며, 자유와 권리에 따르는 책임과 의무를 완수하게 하여, 안으로는 국민생활의 균등한 향상을 기하고 밖으로는 항구적인 세계평화와 인류공영에 이바지함으로써 우리들과 우리들의 자손의 안전과 자유와 행복을 영원히 확보할 것을 다짐하면서 1948712일에 제정되고 8차에 걸쳐 개정된 헌법을 이제 국회의 의결을 거쳐 국민투표에 의하여 개정한다.

1장 총강

1 대한민국은 민주공화국이다.

대한민국의 주권은 국민에게 있고, 모든 권력은 국민으로부터 나온다.

2 대한민국의 국민이 되는 요건은 법률로 정한다.

국가는 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 재외국민을 보호할 의무를 진다.

3 대한민국의 영토는 한반도와 그 부속도서로 한다.

4 대한민국은 통일을 지향하며, 자유민주적 기본질서에 입각한 평화적 통일 정책을 수립하고 이를 추진한다.

5 대한민국은 국제평화의 유지에 노력하고 침략적 전쟁을 부인한다.

국군은 국가의 안전보장과 국토방위의 신성한 의무를 수행함을 사명으로 하며, 그 정치적 중립성은 준수된다.

6 헌법에 의하여 체결·공포된 조약과 일반적으로 승인된 국제법규는 국내법과 같은 효력을 가진다.

외국인은 국제법과 조약이 정하는 바에 의하여 그 지위가 보장된다.

7 공무원은 국민전체에 대한 봉사자이며, 국민에 대하여 책임을 진다.

공무원의 신분과 정치적 중립성은 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 보장된다.

8 정당의 설립은 자유이며, 복수정당제는 보장된다.

정당은 그 목적·조직과 활동이 민주적이어야 하며, 국민의 정치적 의사형성에 참여하는데 필요한 조직을 가져야 한다.

정당은 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 국가의 보호를 받으며, 국가는 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 정당운영에 필요한 자금을 보조할 수 있다.

정당의 목적이나 활동이 민주적 기본질서에 위배될 때에는 정부는 헌법재판소에 그 해산을 제소할 수 있고, 정당은 헌법재판소의 심판에 의하여 해산된다.

9 국가는 전통문화의 계승·발전과 민족문화의 창달에 노력하여야 한다.

 

2장 국민의 권리와 의무

10 모든 국민은 인간으로서의 존엄과 가치를 가지며, 행복을 추구할 권리를 가진다. 국가는 개인이 가지는 불가침의 기본적 인권을 확인하고 이를 보장할 의무를 진다.

11 모든 국민은 법 앞에 평등하다. 누구든지 성별·종교 또는 사회적 신분에 의하여 정치적·경제적·사회적·문화적 생활의 모든 영역에 있어서 차별을 받지 아니한다.

사회적 특수계급의 제도는 인정되지 아니하며, 어떠한 형태로도 이를 창설할 수 없다.

훈장등의 영전은 이를 받은 자에게만 효력이 있고, 어떠한 특권도 이에 따르지 아니한다.

12 모든 국민은 신체의 자유를 가진다. 누구든지 법률에 의하지 아니하고는 체포·구속·압수·수색 또는 심문을 받지 아니하며, 법률과 적법한 절차에 의하지 아니하고는 처벌·보안처분 또는 강제노역을 받지 아니한다.

모든 국민은 고문을 받지 아니하며, 형사상 자기에게 불리한 진술을 강요당하지 아니한다.

체포·구속·압수 또는 수색을 할 때에는 적법한 절차에 따라 검사의 신청에 의하여 법관이 발부한 영장을 제시하여야 한다. 다만, 현행범인인 경우와 장기 3년 이상의 형에 해당하는 죄를 범하고 도피 또는 증거인멸의 염려가 있을 때에는 사후에 영장을 청구할 수 있다.

누구든지 체포 또는 구속을 당한 때에는 즉시 변호인의 조력을 받을 권리를 가진다. 다만, 형사피고인이 스스로 변호인을 구할 수 없을 때에는 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 국가가 변호인을 붙인다.

누구든지 체포 또는 구속의 이유와 변호인의 조력을 받을 권리가 있음을 고지받지 아니하고는 체포 또는 구속을 당하지 아니한다. 체포 또는 구속을 당한 자의 가족등 법률이 정하는 자에게는 그 이유와 일시·장소가 지체없이 통지되어야 한다.

누구든지 체포 또는 구속을 당한 때에는 적부의 심사를 법원에 청구할 권리를 가진다.

피고인의 자백이 고문·폭행·협박·구속의 부당한 장기화 또는 기망 기타의 방법에 의하여 자의로 진술된 것이 아니라고 인정될 때 또는 정식재판에 있어서 피고인의 자백이 그에게 불리한 유일한 증거일 때에는 이를 유죄의 증거로 삼거나 이를 이유로 처벌할 수 없다.

13 모든 국민은 행위시의 법률에 의하여 범죄를 구성하지 아니하는 행위로 소추되지 아니하며, 동일한 범죄에 대하여 거듭 처벌받지 아니한다.

모든 국민은 소급입법에 의하여 참정권의 제한을 받거나 재산권을 박탈당하지 아니한다.

모든 국민은 자기의 행위가 아닌 친족의 행위로 인하여 불이익한 처우를 받지 아니한다.

14 모든 국민은 거주·이전의 자유를 가진다.

15 모든 국민은 직업선택의 자유를 가진다.

16 모든 국민은 주거의 자유를 침해받지 아니한다. 주거에 대한 압수나 수색을 할 때에는 검사의 신청에 의하여 법관이 발부한 영장을 제시하여야 한다.

17 모든 국민은 사생활의 비밀과 자유를 침해받지 아니한다.

18 모든 국민은 통신의 비밀을 침해받지 아니한다.

19 모든 국민은 양심의 자유를 가진다.

20 모든 국민은 종교의 자유를 가진다.

국교는 인정되지 아니하며, 종교와 정치는 분리된다.

21 모든 국민은 언론·출판의 자유와 집회·결사의 자유를 가진다.

언론·출판에 대한 허가나 검열과 집회·결사에 대한 허가는 인정되지 아니한다.

통신·방송의 시설기준과 신문의 기능을 보장하기 위하여 필요한 사항은 법률로 정한다.

언론·출판은 타인의 명예나 권리 또는 공중도덕이나 사회윤리를 침해하여서는 아니된다. 언론·출판이 타인의 명예나 권리를 침해한 때에는 피해자는 이에 대한 피해의 배상을 청구할 수 있다.

22 모든 국민은 학문과 예술의 자유를 가진다.

저작자·발명가·과학기술자와 예술가의 권리는 법률로써 보호한다.

23 모든 국민의 재산권은 보장된다. 그 내용과 한계는 법률로 정한다.

재산권의 행사는 공공복리에 적합하도록 하여야 한다.

공공필요에 의한 재산권의 수용·사용 또는 제한 및 그에 대한 보상은 법률로써 하되, 정당한 보상을 지급하여야 한다.

24 모든 국민은 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 선거권을 가진다.

25 모든 국민은 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 공무담임권을 가진다.

26 모든 국민은 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 국가기관에 문서로 청원할 권리를 가진다.

국가는 청원에 대하여 심사할 의무를 진다.

27 모든 국민은 헌법과 법률이 정한 법관에 의하여 법률에 의한 재판을 받을 권리를 가진다.

군인 또는 군무원이 아닌 국민은 대한민국의 영역안에서는 중대한 군사상 기밀·초병·초소·유독음식물공급·포로·군용물에 관한 죄중 법률이 정한 경우와 비상계엄이 선포된 경우를 제외하고는 군사법원의 재판을 받지 아니한다.

모든 국민은 신속한 재판을 받을 권리를 가진다. 형사피고인은 상당한 이유가 없는 한 지체없이 공개재판을 받을 권리를 가진다.

형사피고인은 유죄의 판결이 확정될 때까지는 무죄로 추정된다.

형사피해자는 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 당해 사건의 재판절차에서 진술할 수 있다.

28 형사피의자 또는 형사피고인으로서 구금되었던 자가 법률이 정하는 불기소처분을 받거나 무죄판결을 받은 때에는 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 국가에 정당한 보상을 청구할 수 있다.

29 공무원의 직무상 불법행위로 손해를 받은 국민은 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 국가 또는 공공단체에 정당한 배상을 청구할 수 있다. 이 경우 공무원 자신의 책임은 면제되지 아니한다.

군인·군무원·경찰공무원 기타 법률이 정하는 자가 전투·훈련등 직무집행과 관련하여 받은 손해에 대하여는 법률이 정하는 보상외에 국가 또는 공공단체에 공무원의 직무상 불법행위로 인한 배상은 청구할 수 없다.

30 타인의 범죄행위로 인하여 생명·신체에 대한 피해를 받은 국민은 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 국가로부터 구조를 받을 수 있다.

31 모든 국민은 능력에 따라 균등하게 교육을 받을 권리를 가진다.

모든 국민은 그 보호하는 자녀에게 적어도 초등교육과 법률이 정하는 교육을 받게 할 의무를 진다.

의무교육은 무상으로 한다.

교육의 자주성·전문성·정치적 중립성 및 대학의 자율성은 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 보장된다.

국가는 평생교육을 진흥하여야 한다.

학교교육 및 평생교육을 포함한 교육제도와 그 운영, 교육재정 및 교원의 지위에 관한 기본적인 사항은 법률로 정한다.

32 모든 국민은 근로의 권리를 가진다. 국가는 사회적·경제적 방법으로 근로자의 고용의 증진과 적정임금의 보장에 노력하여야 하며, 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 최저임금제를 시행하여야 한다.

모든 국민은 근로의 의무를 진다. 국가는 근로의 의무의 내용과 조건을 민주주의원칙에 따라 법률로 정한다.

근로조건의 기준은 인간의 존엄성을 보장하도록 법률로 정한다.

여자의 근로는 특별한 보호를 받으며, 고용·임금 및 근로조건에 있어서 부당한 차별을 받지 아니한다.

연소자의 근로는 특별한 보호를 받는다.

국가유공자·상이군경 및 전몰군경의 유가족은 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 우선적으로 근로의 기회를 부여받는다.

33 근로자는 근로조건의 향상을 위하여 자주적인 단결권·단체교섭권 및 단체행동권을 가진다.

공무원인 근로자는 법률이 정하는 자에 한하여 단결권·단체교섭권 및 단체행동권을 가진다.

법률이 정하는 주요방위산업체에 종사하는 근로자의 단체행동권은 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 이를 제한하거나 인정하지 아니할 수 있다.

34 모든 국민은 인간다운 생활을 할 권리를 가진다.

국가는 사회보장·사회복지의 증진에 노력할 의무를 진다.

국가는 여자의 복지와 권익의 향상을 위하여 노력하여야 한다.

국가는 노인과 청소년의 복지향상을 위한 정책을 실시할 의무를 진다.

신체장애자 및 질병·노령 기타의 사유로 생활능력이 없는 국민은 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 국가의 보호를 받는다.

국가는 재해를 예방하고 그 위험으로부터 국민을 보호하기 위하여 노력하여야 한다.

35 모든 국민은 건강하고 쾌적한 환경에서 생활할 권리를 가지며, 국가와 국민은 환경보전을 위하여 노력하여야 한다.

환경권의 내용과 행사에 관하여는 법률로 정한다.

국가는 주택개발정책등을 통하여 모든 국민이 쾌적한 주거생활을 할 수 있도록 노력하여야 한다.

36 혼인과 가족생활은 개인의 존엄과 양성의 평등을 기초로 성립되고 유지되어야 하며, 국가는 이를 보장한다.

국가는 모성의 보호를 위하여 노력하여야 한다.

모든 국민은 보건에 관하여 국가의 보호를 받는다.

37 국민의 자유와 권리는 헌법에 열거되지 아니한 이유로 경시되지 아니한다.

국민의 모든 자유와 권리는 국가안전보장·질서유지 또는 공공복리를 위하여 필요한 경우에 한하여 법률로써 제한할 수 있으며, 제한하는 경우에도 자유와 권리의 본질적인 내용을 침해할 수 없다.

38 모든 국민은 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 납세의 의무를 진다.

39 모든 국민은 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 국방의 의무를 진다.

누구든지 병역의무의 이행으로 인하여 불이익한 처우를 받지 아니한다.

 

3장 국회

40 입법권은 국회에 속한다.

41 국회는 국민의 보통·평등·직접·비밀선거에 의하여 선출된 국회의원으로 구성한다.

국회의원의 수는 법률로 정하되, 200인 이상으로 한다.

국회의원의 선거구와 비례대표제 기타 선거에 관한 사항은 법률로 정한다.

42 국회의원의 임기는 4년으로 한다.

43 국회의원은 법률이 정하는 직을 겸할 수 없다.

44 국회의원은 현행범인인 경우를 제외하고는 회기중 국회의 동의없이 체포 또는 구금되지 아니한다.

국회의원이 회기전에 체포 또는 구금된 때에는 현행범인이 아닌 한 국회의 요구가 있으면 회기중 석방된다.

45 국회의원은 국회에서 직무상 행한 발언과 표결에 관하여 국회외에서 책임을 지지 아니한다.

46 국회의원은 청렴의 의무가 있다.

국회의원은 국가이익을 우선하여 양심에 따라 직무를 행한다.

국회의원은 그 지위를 남용하여 국가·공공단체 또는 기업체와의 계약이나 그 처분에 의하여 재산상의 권리·이익 또는 직위를 취득하거나 타인을 위하여 그 취득을 알선할 수 없다.

47 국회의 정기회는 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 매년 1회 집회되며, 국회의 임시회는 대통령 또는 국회재적의원 4분의 1 이상의 요구에 의하여 집회된다.

정기회의 회기는 100일을, 임시회의 회기는 30일을 초과할 수 없다.

대통령이 임시회의 집회를 요구할 때에는 기간과 집회요구의 이유를 명시하여야 한다.

48 국회는 의장 1인과 부의장 2인을 선출한다.

49 국회는 헌법 또는 법률에 특별한 규정이 없는 한 재적의원 과반수의 출석과 출석의원 과반수의 찬성으로 의결한다. 가부동수인 때에는 부결된 것으로 본다.

50 국회의 회의는 공개한다. 다만, 출석의원 과반수의 찬성이 있거나 의장이 국가의 안전보장을 위하여 필요하다고 인정할 때에는 공개하지 아니할 수 있다.

공개하지 아니한 회의내용의 공표에 관하여는 법률이 정하는 바에 의한다.

51 국회에 제출된 법률안 기타의 의안은 회기중에 의결되지 못한 이유로 폐기되지 아니한다. 다만, 국회의원의 임기가 만료된 때에는 그러하지 아니하다.

52 국회의원과 정부는 법률안을 제출할 수 있다.

53 국회에서 의결된 법률안은 정부에 이송되어 15일 이내에 대통령이 공포한다.

법률안에 이의가 있을 때에는 대통령은 제1항의 기간내에 이의서를 붙여 국회로 환부하고, 그 재의를 요구할 수 있다. 국회의 폐회중에도 또한 같다.

대통령은 법률안의 일부에 대하여 또는 법률안을 수정하여 재의를 요구할 수 없다.

재의의 요구가 있을 때에는 국회는 재의에 붙이고, 재적의원과반수의 출석과 출석의원 3분의 2 이상의 찬성으로 전과 같은 의결을 하면 그 법률안은 법률로서 확정된다.

대통령이 제1항의 기간내에 공포나 재의의 요구를 하지 아니한 때에도 그 법률안은 법률로서 확정된다.

대통령은 제4항과 제5항의 규정에 의하여 확정된 법률을 지체없이 공포하여야 한다. 5항에 의하여 법률이 확정된 후 또는 제4항에 의한 확정법률이 정부에 이송된 후 5일 이내에 대통령이 공포하지 아니할 때에는 국회의장이 이를 공포한다.

법률은 특별한 규정이 없는 한 공포한 날로부터 20일을 경과함으로써 효력을 발생한다.

54 국회는 국가의 예산안을 심의·확정한다.

정부는 회계연도마다 예산안을 편성하여 회계연도 개시 90일전까지 국회에 제출하고, 국회는 회계연도 개시 30일전까지 이를 의결하여야 한다.

새로운 회계연도가 개시될 때까지 예산안이 의결되지 못한 때에는 정부는 국회에서 예산안이 의결될 때까지 다음의 목적을 위한 경비는 전년도 예산에 준하여 집행할 수 있다.

1. 헌법이나 법률에 의하여 설치된 기관 또는 시설의 유지·운영

2. 법률상 지출의무의 이행

3. 이미 예산으로 승인된 사업의 계속

55 한 회계연도를 넘어 계속하여 지출할 필요가 있을 때에는 정부는 연한을 정하여 계속비로서 국회의 의결을 얻어야 한다.

예비비는 총액으로 국회의 의결을 얻어야 한다. 예비비의 지출은 차기국회의 승인을 얻어야 한다.

56 정부는 예산에 변경을 가할 필요가 있을 때에는 추가경정예산안을 편성하여 국회에 제출할 수 있다.

57 국회는 정부의 동의없이 정부가 제출한 지출예산 각항의 금액을 증가하거나 새 비목을 설치할 수 없다.

58 국채를 모집하거나 예산외에 국가의 부담이 될 계약을 체결하려 할 때에는 정부는 미리 국회의 의결을 얻어야 한다.

59 조세의 종목과 세율은 법률로 정한다.

60 국회는 상호원조 또는 안전보장에 관한 조약, 중요한 국제조직에 관한 조약, 우호통상항해조약, 주권의 제약에 관한 조약, 강화조약, 국가나 국민에게 중대한 재정적 부담을 지우는 조약 또는 입법사항에 관한 조약의 체결·비준에 대한 동의권을 가진다.

국회는 선전포고, 국군의 외국에의 파견 또는 외국군대의 대한민국 영역안에서의 주류에 대한 동의권을 가진다.

61 국회는 국정을 감사하거나 특정한 국정사안에 대하여 조사할 수 있으며, 이에 필요한 서류의 제출 또는 증인의 출석과 증언이나 의견의 진술을 요구할 수 있다.

국정감사 및 조사에 관한 절차 기타 필요한 사항은 법률로 정한다.

62 국무총리·국무위원 또는 정부위원은 국회나 그 위원회에 출석하여 국정처리상황을 보고하거나 의견을 진술하고 질문에 응답할 수 있다.

국회나 그 위원회의 요구가 있을 때에는 국무총리·국무위원 또는 정부위원은 출석·답변하여야 하며, 국무총리 또는 국무위원이 출석요구를 받은 때에는 국무위원 또는 정부위원으로 하여금 출석·답변하게 할 수 있다.

63 국회는 국무총리 또는 국무위원의 해임을 대통령에게 건의할 수 있다.

1항의 해임건의는 국회재적의원 3분의 1 이상의 발의에 의하여 국회재적의원 과반수의 찬성이 있어야 한다.

64 국회는 법률에 저촉되지 아니하는 범위안에서 의사와 내부규율에 관한 규칙을 제정할 수 있다.

국회는 의원의 자격을 심사하며, 의원을 징계할 수 있다.

의원을 제명하려면 국회재적의원 3분의 2 이상의 찬성이 있어야 한다.

2항과 제3항의 처분에 대하여는 법원에 제소할 수 없다.

65 대통령·국무총리·국무위원·행정각부의 장·헌법재판소 재판관·법관·중앙선거관리위원회 위원·감사원장·감사위원 기타 법률이 정한 공무원이 그 직무집행에 있어서 헌법이나 법률을 위배한 때에는 국회는 탄핵의 소추를 의결할 수 있다.

1항의 탄핵소추는 국회재적의원 3분의 1 이상의 발의가 있어야 하며, 그 의결은 국회재적의원 과반수의 찬성이 있어야 한다. 다만, 대통령에 대한 탄핵소추는 국회재적의원 과반수의 발의와 국회재적의원 3분의 2 이상의 찬성이 있어야 한다.

탄핵소추의 의결을 받은 자는 탄핵심판이 있을 때까지 그 권한행사가 정지된다.

탄핵결정은 공직으로부터 파면함에 그친다. 그러나, 이에 의하여 민사상이나 형사상의 책임이 면제되지는 아니한다.

 

4장 정부

1절 대통령

66 대통령은 국가의 원수이며, 외국에 대하여 국가를 대표한다.

대통령은 국가의 독립·영토의 보전·국가의 계속성과 헌법을 수호할 책무를 진다.

대통령은 조국의 평화적 통일을 위한 성실한 의무를 진다.

행정권은 대통령을 수반으로 하는 정부에 속한다.

67 대통령은 국민의 보통·평등·직접·비밀선거에 의하여 선출한다.

1항의 선거에 있어서 최고득표자가 2인 이상인 때에는 국회의 재적의원 과반수가 출석한 공개회의에서 다수표를 얻은 자를 당선자로 한다.

대통령후보자가 1인일 때에는 그 득표수가 선거권자 총수의 3분의 1 이상이 아니면 대통령으로 당선될 수 없다.

대통령으로 선거될 수 있는 자는 국회의원의 피선거권이 있고 선거일 현재 40세에 달하여야 한다.

대통령의 선거에 관한 사항은 법률로 정한다.

68 대통령의 임기가 만료되는 때에는 임기만료 70일 내지 40일전에 후임자를 선거한다.

대통령이 궐위된 때 또는 대통령 당선자가 사망하거나 판결 기타의 사유로 그 자격을 상실한 때에는 60일 이내에 후임자를 선거한다.

69 대통령은 취임에 즈음하여 다음의 선서를 한다.

"나는 헌법을 준수하고 국가를 보위하며 조국의 평화적 통일과 국민의 자유와 복리의 증진 및 민족문화의 창달에 노력하여 대통령으로서의 직책을 성실히 수행할 것을 국민 앞에 엄숙히 선서합니다."

70 대통령의 임기는 5년으로 하며, 중임할 수 없다.

71 대통령이 궐위되거나 사고로 인하여 직무를 수행할 수 없을 때에는 국무총리, 법률이 정한 국무위원의 순서로 그 권한을 대행한다.

72 대통령은 필요하다고 인정할 때에는 외교·국방·통일 기타 국가안위에 관한 중요정책을 국민투표에 붙일 수 있다.

73 대통령은 조약을 체결·비준하고, 외교사절을 신임·접수 또는 파견하며, 선전포고와 강화를 한다.

74 대통령은 헌법과 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 국군을 통수한다.

국군의 조직과 편성은 법률로 정한다.

75 대통령은 법률에서 구체적으로 범위를 정하여 위임받은 사항과 법률을 집행하기 위하여 필요한 사항에 관하여 대통령령을 발할 수 있다.

76 대통령은 내우·외환·천재·지변 또는 중대한 재정·경제상의 위기에 있어서 국가의 안전보장 또는 공공의 안녕질서를 유지하기 위하여 긴급한 조치가 필요하고 국회의 집회를 기다릴 여유가 없을 때에 한하여 최소한으로 필요한 재정·경제상의 처분을 하거나 이에 관하여 법률의 효력을 가지는 명령을 발할 수 있다.

대통령은 국가의 안위에 관계되는 중대한 교전상태에 있어서 국가를 보위하기 위하여 긴급한 조치가 필요하고 국회의 집회가 불가능한 때에 한하여 법률의 효력을 가지는 명령을 발할 수 있다.

대통령은 제1항과 제2항의 처분 또는 명령을 한 때에는 지체없이 국회에 보고하여 그 승인을 얻어야 한다.

3항의 승인을 얻지 못한 때에는 그 처분 또는 명령은 그때부터 효력을 상실한다. 이 경우 그 명령에 의하여 개정 또는 폐지되었던 법률은 그 명령이 승인을 얻지 못한 때부터 당연히 효력을 회복한다.

대통령은 제3항과 제4항의 사유를 지체없이 공포하여야 한다.

77 대통령은 전시·사변 또는 이에 준하는 국가비상사태에 있어서 병력으로써 군사상의 필요에 응하거나 공공의 안녕질서를 유지할 필요가 있을 때에는 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 계엄을 선포할 수 있다.

계엄은 비상계엄과 경비계엄으로 한다.

비상계엄이 선포된 때에는 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 영장제도, 언론·출판·집회·결사의 자유, 정부나 법원의 권한에 관하여 특별한 조치를 할 수 있다.

계엄을 선포한 때에는 대통령은 지체없이 국회에 통고하여야 한다.

국회가 재적의원 과반수의 찬성으로 계엄의 해제를 요구한 때에는 대통령은 이를 해제하여야 한다.

78 대통령은 헌법과 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 공무원을 임면한다.

79 대통령은 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 사면·감형 또는 복권을 명할 수 있다.

일반사면을 명하려면 국회의 동의를 얻어야 한다.

사면·감형 및 복권에 관한 사항은 법률로 정한다.

80 대통령은 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 훈장 기타의 영전을 수여한다.

81 대통령은 국회에 출석하여 발언하거나 서한으로 의견을 표시할 수 있다.

82 대통령의 국법상 행위는 문서로써 하며, 이 문서에는 국무총리와 관계 국무위원이 부서한다. 군사에 관한 것도 또한 같다.

83 대통령은 국무총리·국무위원·행정각부의 장 기타 법률이 정하는 공사의 직을 겸할 수 없다.

84 대통령은 내란 또는 외환의 죄를 범한 경우를 제외하고는 재직중 형사상의 소추를 받지 아니한다.

85 전직대통령의 신분과 예우에 관하여는 법률로 정한다.

 

2절 행정부

1관 국무총리와 국무위원

86 국무총리는 국회의 동의를 얻어 대통령이 임명한다.

국무총리는 대통령을 보좌하며, 행정에 관하여 대통령의 명을 받아 행정각부를 통할한다.

군인은 현역을 면한 후가 아니면 국무총리로 임명될 수 없다.

87 국무위원은 국무총리의 제청으로 대통령이 임명한다.

국무위원은 국정에 관하여 대통령을 보좌하며, 국무회의의 구성원으로서 국정을 심의한다.

국무총리는 국무위원의 해임을 대통령에게 건의할 수 있다.

군인은 현역을 면한 후가 아니면 국무위원으로 임명될 수 없다.

 

2관 국무회의

88 국무회의는 정부의 권한에 속하는 중요한 정책을 심의한다.

국무회의는 대통령·국무총리와 15인 이상 30인 이하의 국무위원으로 구성한다.

대통령은 국무회의의 의장이 되고, 국무총리는 부의장이 된다.

89 다음 사항은 국무회의의 심의를 거쳐야 한다.

1. 국정의 기본계획과 정부의 일반정책

2. 선전·강화 기타 중요한 대외정책

3. 헌법개정안·국민투표안·조약안·법률안 및 대통령령안

4. 예산안·결산·국유재산처분의 기본계획·국가의 부담이 될 계약 기타 재정에 관한 중요사항

5. 대통령의 긴급명령·긴급재정경제처분 및 명령 또는 계엄과 그 해제

6. 군사에 관한 중요사항

7. 국회의 임시회 집회의 요구

8. 영전수여

9. 사면·감형과 복권

10. 행정각부간의 권한의 획정

11. 정부안의 권한의 위임 또는 배정에 관한 기본계획

12. 국정처리상황의 평가·분석

13. 행정각부의 중요한 정책의 수립과 조정

14. 정당해산의 제소

15. 정부에 제출 또는 회부된 정부의 정책에 관계되는 청원의 심사

16. 검찰총장·합동참모의장·각군참모총장·국립대학교총장·대사 기타 법률이 정한 공무원과 국영기업체관리자의 임명

17. 기타 대통령·국무총리 또는 국무위원이 제출한 사항

90 국정의 중요한 사항에 관한 대통령의 자문에 응하기 위하여 국가원로로 구성되는 국가원로자문회의를 둘 수 있다.

국가원로자문회의의 의장은 직전대통령이 된다. 다만, 직전대통령이 없을 때에는 대통령이 지명한다.

국가원로자문회의의 조직·직무범위 기타 필요한 사항은 법률로 정한다.

91 국가안전보장에 관련되는 대외정책·군사정책과 국내정책의 수립에 관하여 국무회의의 심의에 앞서 대통령의 자문에 응하기 위하여 국가안전보장회의를 둔다.

국가안전보장회의는 대통령이 주재한다.

국가안전보장회의의 조직·직무범위 기타 필요한 사항은 법률로 정한다.

92 평화통일정책의 수립에 관한 대통령의 자문에 응하기 위하여 민주평화통일자문회의를 둘 수 있다.

민주평화통일자문회의의 조직·직무범위 기타 필요한 사항은 법률로 정한다.

93 국민경제의 발전을 위한 중요정책의 수립에 관하여 대통령의 자문에 응하기 위하여 국민경제자문회의를 둘 수 있다.

국민경제자문회의의 조직·직무범위 기타 필요한 사항은 법률로 정한다.

 

3관 행정각부

94 행정각부의 장은 국무위원 중에서 국무총리의 제청으로 대통령이 임명한다.

95 국무총리 또는 행정각부의 장은 소관사무에 관하여 법률이나 대통령령의 위임 또는 직권으로 총리령 또는 부령을 발할 수 있다.

96 행정각부의 설치·조직과 직무범위는 법률로 정한다.

 

4관 감사원

97 국가의 세입·세출의 결산, 국가 및 법률이 정한 단체의 회계검사와 행정기관 및 공무원의 직무에 관한 감찰을 하기 위하여 대통령 소속하에 감사원을 둔다.

98 감사원은 원장을 포함한 5인 이상 11인 이하의 감사위원으로 구성한다.

원장은 국회의 동의를 얻어 대통령이 임명하고, 그 임기는 4년으로 하며, 1차에 한하여 중임할 수 있다.

감사위원은 원장의 제청으로 대통령이 임명하고, 그 임기는 4년으로 하며, 1차에 한하여 중임할 수 있다.

99 감사원은 세입·세출의 결산을 매년 검사하여 대통령과 차년도국회에 그 결과를 보고하여야 한다.

100 감사원의 조직·직무범위·감사위원의 자격·감사대상공무원의 범위 기타 필요한 사항은 법률로 정한다.

 

5장 법원

101 사법권은 법관으로 구성된 법원에 속한다.

법원은 최고법원인 대법원과 각급법원으로 조직된다.

법관의 자격은 법률로 정한다.

102 대법원에 부를 둘 수 있다.

대법원에 대법관을 둔다. 다만, 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 대법관이 아닌 법관을 둘 수 있다.

대법원과 각급법원의 조직은 법률로 정한다.

103 법관은 헌법과 법률에 의하여 그 양심에 따라 독립하여 심판한다.

104 대법원장은 국회의 동의를 얻어 대통령이 임명한다.

대법관은 대법원장의 제청으로 국회의 동의를 얻어 대통령이 임명한다.

대법원장과 대법관이 아닌 법관은 대법관회의의 동의를 얻어 대법원장이 임명한다.

105 대법원장의 임기는 6년으로 하며, 중임할 수 없다.

대법관의 임기는 6년으로 하며, 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 연임할 수 있다.

대법원장과 대법관이 아닌 법관의 임기는 10년으로 하며, 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 연임할 수 있다.

법관의 정년은 법률로 정한다.

106 법관은 탄핵 또는 금고 이상의 형의 선고에 의하지 아니하고는 파면되지 아니하며, 징계처분에 의하지 아니하고는 정직·감봉 기타 불리한 처분을 받지 아니한다.

법관이 중대한 심신상의 장해로 직무를 수행할 수 없을 때에는 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 퇴직하게 할 수 있다.

107 법률이 헌법에 위반되는 여부가 재판의 전제가 된 경우에는 법원은 헌법재판소에 제청하여 그 심판에 의하여 재판한다.

명령·규칙 또는 처분이 헌법이나 법률에 위반되는 여부가 재판의 전제가 된 경우에는 대법원은 이를 최종적으로 심사할 권한을 가진다.

재판의 전심절차로서 행정심판을 할 수 있다. 행정심판의 절차는 법률로 정하되, 사법절차가 준용되어야 한다.

108 대법원은 법률에 저촉되지 아니하는 범위안에서 소송에 관한 절차, 법원의 내부규율과 사무처리에 관한 규칙을 제정할 수 있다.

109 재판의 심리와 판결은 공개한다. 다만, 심리는 국가의 안전보장 또는 안녕질서를 방해하거나 선량한 풍속을 해할 염려가 있을 때에는 법원의 결정으로 공개하지 아니할 수 있다.

110 군사재판을 관할하기 위하여 특별법원으로서 군사법원을 둘 수 있다.

군사법원의 상고심은 대법원에서 관할한다.

군사법원의 조직·권한 및 재판관의 자격은 법률로 정한다.

비상계엄하의 군사재판은 군인·군무원의 범죄나 군사에 관한 간첩죄의 경우와 초병·초소·유독음식물공급·포로에 관한 죄중 법률이 정한 경우에 한하여 단심으로 할 수 있다. 다만, 사형을 선고한 경우에는 그러하지 아니하다.

 

6장 헌법재판소

111 헌법재판소는 다음 사항을 관장한다.

1. 법원의 제청에 의한 법률의 위헌여부 심판

2. 탄핵의 심판

3. 정당의 해산 심판

4. 국가기관 상호간, 국가기관과 지방자치단체간 및 지방자치단체 상호간의 권한쟁의에 관한 심판

5. 법률이 정하는 헌법소원에 관한 심판

헌법재판소는 법관의 자격을 가진 9인의 재판관으로 구성하며, 재판관은 대통령이 임명한다.

2항의 재판관중 3인은 국회에서 선출하는 자를, 3인은 대법원장이 지명하는 자를 임명한다.

헌법재판소의 장은 국회의 동의를 얻어 재판관중에서 대통령이 임명한다.

112 헌법재판소 재판관의 임기는 6년으로 하며, 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 연임할 수 있다.

헌법재판소 재판관은 정당에 가입하거나 정치에 관여할 수 없다.

헌법재판소 재판관은 탄핵 또는 금고 이상의 형의 선고에 의하지 아니하고는 파면되지 아니한다.

113 헌법재판소에서 법률의 위헌결정, 탄핵의 결정, 정당해산의 결정 또는 헌법소원에 관한 인용결정을 할 때에는 재판관 6인 이상의 찬성이 있어야 한다.

헌법재판소는 법률에 저촉되지 아니하는 범위안에서 심판에 관한 절차, 내부규율과 사무처리에 관한 규칙을 제정할 수 있다.

헌법재판소의 조직과 운영 기타 필요한 사항은 법률로 정한다.

 

7장 선거관리

114 선거와 국민투표의 공정한 관리 및 정당에 관한 사무를 처리하기 위하여 선거관리위원회를 둔다.

중앙선거관리위원회는 대통령이 임명하는 3, 국회에서 선출하는 3인과 대법원장이 지명하는 3인의 위원으로 구성한다. 위원장은 위원중에서 호선한다.

위원의 임기는 6년으로 한다.

위원은 정당에 가입하거나 정치에 관여할 수 없다.

위원은 탄핵 또는 금고 이상의 형의 선고에 의하지 아니하고는 파면되지 아니한다.

중앙선거관리위원회는 법령의 범위안에서 선거관리·국민투표관리 또는 정당사무에 관한 규칙을 제정할 수 있으며, 법률에 저촉되지 아니하는 범위안에서 내부규율에 관한 규칙을 제정할 수 있다.

각급 선거관리위원회의 조직·직무범위 기타 필요한 사항은 법률로 정한다.

115 각급 선거관리위원회는 선거인명부의 작성등 선거사무와 국민투표사무에 관하여 관계 행정기관에 필요한 지시를 할 수 있다.

1항의 지시를 받은 당해 행정기관은 이에 응하여야 한다.

116 선거운동은 각급 선거관리위원회의 관리하에 법률이 정하는 범위안에서 하되, 균등한 기회가 보장되어야 한다.

선거에 관한 경비는 법률이 정하는 경우를 제외하고는 정당 또는 후보자에게 부담시킬 수 없다.

 

8장 지방자치

117 지방자치단체는 주민의 복리에 관한 사무를 처리하고 재산을 관리하며, 법령의 범위안에서 자치에 관한 규정을 제정할 수 있다.

지방자치단체의 종류는 법률로 정한다.

118 지방자치단체에 의회를 둔다.

지방의회의 조직·권한·의원선거와 지방자치단체의 장의 선임방법 기타 지방자치단체의 조직과 운영에 관한 사항은 법률로 정한다.

 

9장 경제

119 대한민국의 경제질서는 개인과 기업의 경제상의 자유와 창의를 존중함을 기본으로 한다.

국가는 균형있는 국민경제의 성장 및 안정과 적정한 소득의 분배를 유지하고, 시장의 지배와 경제력의 남용을 방지하며, 경제주체간의 조화를 통한 경제의 민주화를 위하여 경제에 관한 규제와 조정을 할 수 있다.

120 광물 기타 중요한 지하자원·수산자원·수력과 경제상 이용할 수 있는 자연력은 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 일정한 기간 그 채취·개발 또는 이용을 특허할 수 있다.

국토와 자원은 국가의 보호를 받으며, 국가는 그 균형있는 개발과 이용을 위하여 필요한 계획을 수립한다.

121 국가는 농지에 관하여 경자유전의 원칙이 달성될 수 있도록 노력하여야 하며, 농지의 소작제도는 금지된다.

농업생산성의 제고와 농지의 합리적인 이용을 위하거나 불가피한 사정으로 발생하는 농지의 임대차와 위탁경영은 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 인정된다.

122 국가는 국민 모두의 생산 및 생활의 기반이 되는 국토의 효율적이고 균형있는 이용·개발과 보전을 위하여 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 그에 관한 필요한 제한과 의무를 과할 수 있다.

123 국가는 농업 및 어업을 보호·육성하기 위하여 농·어촌종합개발과 그 지원등 필요한 계획을 수립·시행하여야 한다.

국가는 지역간의 균형있는 발전을 위하여 지역경제를 육성할 의무를 진다.

국가는 중소기업을 보호·육성하여야 한다.

국가는 농수산물의 수급균형과 유통구조의 개선에 노력하여 가격안정을 도모함으로써 농·어민의 이익을 보호한다.

국가는 농·어민과 중소기업의 자조조직을 육성하여야 하며, 그 자율적 활동과 발전을 보장한다.

124 국가는 건전한 소비행위를 계도하고 생산품의 품질향상을 촉구하기 위한 소비자보호운동을 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 보장한다.

125 국가는 대외무역을 육성하며, 이를 규제·조정할 수 있다.

126 국방상 또는 국민경제상 긴절한 필요로 인하여 법률이 정하는 경우를 제외하고는, 사영기업을 국유 또는 공유로 이전하거나 그 경영을 통제 또는 관리할 수 없다.

127 국가는 과학기술의 혁신과 정보 및 인력의 개발을 통하여 국민경제의 발전에 노력하여야 한다.

국가는 국가표준제도를 확립한다.

대통령은 제1항의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 필요한 자문기구를 둘 수 있다.

 

10장 헌법개정

128 헌법개정은 국회재적의원 과반수 또는 대통령의 발의로 제안된다.

대통령의 임기연장 또는 중임변경을 위한 헌법개정은 그 헌법개정 제안 당시의 대통령에 대하여는 효력이 없다.

129 제안된 헌법개정안은 대통령이 20일 이상의 기간 이를 공고하여야 한다.

130 국회는 헌법개정안이 공고된 날로부터 60일 이내에 의결하여야 하며, 국회의 의결은 재적의원 3분의 2 이상의 찬성을 얻어야 한다.

헌법개정안은 국회가 의결한 후 30일 이내에 국민투표에 붙여 국회의원선거권자 과반수의 투표와 투표자 과반수의 찬성을 얻어야 한다.

헌법개정안이 제2항의 찬성을 얻은 때에는 헌법개정은 확정되며, 대통령은 즉시 이를 공포하여야 한다.

 

부칙 <10, 1987.10.29.>

1 이 헌법은 1988225일부터 시행한다. 다만, 이 헌법을 시행하기 위하여 필요한 법률의 제정·개정과 이 헌법에 의한 대통령 및 국회의원의 선거 기타 이 헌법시행에 관한 준비는 이 헌법시행 전에 할 수 있다.

2 이 헌법에 의한 최초의 대통령선거는 이 헌법시행일 40일 전까지 실시한다.

이 헌법에 의한 최초의 대통령의 임기는 이 헌법시행일로부터 개시한다.

3 이 헌법에 의한 최초의 국회의원선거는 이 헌법공포일로부터 6월 이내에 실시하며, 이 헌법에 의하여 선출된 최초의 국회의원의 임기는 국회의원선거후 이 헌법에 의한 국회의 최초의 집회일로부터 개시한다.

이 헌법공포 당시의 국회의원의 임기는 제1항에 의한 국회의 최초의 집회일 전일까지로 한다.

4 이 헌법시행 당시의 공무원과 정부가 임명한 기업체의 임원은 이 헌법에 의하여 임명된 것으로 본다. 다만, 이 헌법에 의하여 선임방법이나 임명권자가 변경된 공무원과 대법원장 및 감사원장은 이 헌법에 의하여 후임자가 선임될 때까지 그 직무를 행하며, 이 경우 전임자인 공무원의 임기는 후임자가 선임되는 전일까지로 한다.

이 헌법시행 당시의 대법원장과 대법원판사가 아닌 법관은 제1항 단서의 규정에 불구하고 이 헌법에 의하여 임명된 것으로 본다.

이 헌법중 공무원의 임기 또는 중임제한에 관한 규정은 이 헌법에 의하여 그 공무원이 최초로 선출 또는 임명된 때로부터 적용한다.

5 이 헌법시행 당시의 법령과 조약은 이 헌법에 위배되지 아니하는 한 그 효력을 지속한다.

6 이 헌법시행 당시에 이 헌법에 의하여 새로 설치될 기관의 권한에 속하는 직무를 행하고 있는 기관은 이 헌법에 의하여 새로운 기관이 설치될 때까지 존속하며 그 직무를 행한다.

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갈릴레이

상담예약안내 053-744-9221 epicurean7@naver.com

,

A Few Good Men script

 

Forward march!

 

 갤러웨이의혼잣말

(I'm requesting--

Captain, I'd like to request that it be me who's the attorney--

That it be myself who's assigned.

No, I'd like to request that it be I who am assigned--

"That it be I who am assigned"?

That's good. That's confidence-inspiring.

Good grammar there.

Captain, I'd like to request...

that I be the attorney assigned.)

 

 법무감실

-I'm Lieutenant Commander Galloway here to see Captain West.

-Go right in, Commander. They're expecting you.

-Thank you.

 

-Jo, come on in.

-Thank you, sir.

-Captain West, this is Lieutenant Commander Galloway.

-Jo, you know Commander Lawrence.

-Yes, sir.

 

-Captain, I appreciate you seeing me on such short notice.

- Would you like to sit down? - I'm fine, sir.

- Have a seat. 

- Okay.

-I understand we had some trouble over the weekend down in Cuba?

-Yes, sir. This past Friday, two Marines--

a Lance Corporal Harold Dawson and a Private Louden Downey--

entered the barracks room of a P.F.C. William Santiago and assaulted him.

Santiago died at the base hospital approximately an hour later.

The N.I.S. Agent who took Dawson and Downey's statements...

maintains they were trying to prevent Santiago...

from naming(ratting on) Dawson in a fenceline shooting incident.

They're scheduled to have a hearing down in Cuba this afternoon at 1600.

 

- What's the problem?

- Dawson and Downey... are both recruiting poster Marines, and Santiago was known to be a screwup. 

I was thinking it sounded an awful lot like a Code Red.

 

-Christ.

 

-Sir, I'd like to have them moved up to Washington and assigned counsel--

someone who can really look into this--

someone who possesses not only the legal skill...

but a familiarity with the inner workings of the military.

In short, Captain, I'd like to suggest that...

I be the one who that--

that it be me who is assigned to represent them...

myself.

 

-Commander Galloway, why don't you get yourself a cup of coffee?

 -Thank you, sir. I'm fine.

-I'd like you to leave the room so we can talk about you behind your back.

-Certainly, sir.

 

-I thought this Code Red shit wasn't going on anymore.

-With the Marines at Gitmo, who knows what the hell goes on down there?

 

We better find out before the rest of the world does.

Damn thing could get messy.

 

-All right, what about this Commander Galloway?

-She's been working a desk in Internal Affairs...

for a little over a year now.

 

- Before that?

- Disposed of three cases in two years.

-Three cases in two years? Who's she handling, the Rosenbergs?

 

- She's not cut out for litigation. 

- She's a hell of an investigator. In Internal Affairs she can crawl up a lawyer's ass with the best of them.

- But when it comes to trial work-- 

- I know. All passion, no street smarts.

 

- Bring her back in.

-Commander, we're gonna have the defendants moved up here in the morning.

- Thank you, sir.

- Division will assign them counsel.

- But not me.

-From what I get from your colleagues...

you're much too valuable in your present assignment to be wasted...

in what I'm sure will boil down to a five-minute plea bargain...

and a week's worth of paperwork.

 

-Sir, I think there might be more involved than that.

-Don't worry about it.

I promise you Division will assign the right man for the job.


소프트볼 연습장 

-All right. Let's go. Let's get two.

- Sorry.

- Nothing to be sorry about, Sherby.

You just look the ball into your glove.

Shooting two.

- Sorry.

- You gotta trust me, Sherby.

Keep your eyes open, your chances of catching it increase by a factor often. )

 

검찰관 데이브 등장

- Kaffee.

-( Let's try it again.)

 

-Dave, you seem distraught.

-We were supposed to meet 15 minutes ago about the McDermott case.

You're stalling on this thing. Now we either do it now...

or, no kidding, Kaffee, I'm gonna hang your boy from a fucking yardarm!

 

- Yardarm? Sherby, does the Navy still hang people from yardarms?

- I don't think so.

- Dave, Sherby doesn't think the Navy hangs people from yardarms anymore.

- I'm gonna charge him with possession and being under the influence on duty.

You plead guilty, I'll recommend 30 days in the brig with loss of rank and pay.

- It was oregano, Dave. It was $10 worth of oregano.

-Yeah, well, your client thought it was marijuana.

-My client's a moron. That's not against the law.

-Kaffee, I got people to answer just like you do. I'm gonna charge him.

-With what, possession of a condiment?

- Kaffee.

- I tried to help you out of this... but if you ask for jail time, I'm gonna file a motion to dismiss.

- You won't get it.

- I will get it.

And if the M.T.D. is denied, I'll file a motion... seeking to obtain an evidentiary ruling in advance. 

And after that, I'm gonna file against pretrial confinement.

And you're gonna spend the next three months going blind on paperwork...

because a signalman second-class bought and smoked a dime bag of oregano.

 

(let's go! Let's get two!)


데이브가 유죄협상 제의 

-B misdemeanor, 20 days in the brig.

-C misdemeanor, 15 days restricted duty. I don't know why I'm agreeing to this.

- Cause you have wisdom beyond your years.

 

샘과 걷는 장면

-Morning.

-Morning, Captain.

 

-How's the baby, Sam?

-I think she's getting ready to say her first word any day now.

-How can you tell?

-She just looks like she has something to say.

 

법무감실

-Excuse me. I'm sorry I'm late.

-It's all right, Danny. I know you don't have a good excuse...

so I won't force you to come up with a bad one.

- Thank you, sir.

- This first one's for you. Seems you're moving up in the world.

Been requested by Division.

- Requested to do what?

- Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

A Marine corporal named Dawson illegally fires a round from his weapon...

over the fenceline and into Cuban territory.

- What's a fenceline?

- Sam. A big wall separating the good guys from the bad guys.

- Teacher's pet.

- P.F.C. William Santiago...threatens to rat on Dawson to Naval Investigative Service.

Dawson and another member of his squad... P.F.C. Louden Downey, go into Santiago's room... tie him up, stuff a rag down his throat...

and an hour later, Santiago's dead.

Attending physician says the rag was treated with some kind of toxin.

 

- They poisoned it?

- Not according to them.

- What did they say?

- Not much. They're being flown up here tomorrow...

and on Wednesday at 06:00, you'll catch a transport down to Cuba for the day...

to find out what you can. Meantime, go and see Lieutenant Commander Joanne Galloway... with Internal Affairs.

 

Any questions?

-Uh, the flight to Cuba-- Was that 06:00 in the morning, sir?

-Seems important to Division that this one be handled by the book.

So I'm assigning co-counsel. Any volunteers?

-No, I got a stack of papers on my desk about a mile high.

- Work with Kaffee on this.

- Doing what? Kaffee will have this done in about four days.

- Doing various administrative things. Backup, whatever.

- In other words, I have no responsibilities here whatsoever.

- Right.

- My kind of case.

- Right.

- Okay, but I've got to have that report by Wednesday.

 

- Hi. - Hold on. Hi.


갤러웨이 방 

- Daniel Kaffee. I was told to me with, uh--

Lieutenant Commander Galloway.

About a briefing?

 

(I'll call you back. )

 

- You're the attorney Division assigned?

- I'm lead counsel. This is Sam Weinberg.

- I have no responsibilities here whatsoever.

 

- Come in, please. Have a seat.

Lieutenant, how long have you been in the Navy?

-Going on nine months now.

-And how long have you been out of law school?

-A little over a year.

-I see.

 

- Have I done something wrong?

-No. It's just that when I petition Division to have counsel assigned...

I was hoping I'd be taken seriously.

- No offense taken, in case you were wondering.

- Commander, Lieutenant Kaffee is generally... considered the best litigator in our office.

He's successfully plea-bargained 44 cases in nine months.

- One more, I get a set of steak knives.

- Have you ever been in a courtroom?

- I once had my driver's license suspended.

Commander, from what I understand, if this thing goes to court...

they won't need a lawyer, they'll need a priest.

 

- No, they'll need a lawyer. Dawson's family's been contacted.

Downey's closest living relative is Ginny Miller, his aunt.

She hasn't been contacted yet. Would you like me to take care of that?

 

- If you feel like it.

- One of the people you'll be seeing down there... is the barracks C.O., Colonel Nathan Jessup. I assume you've heard of him.

- Who hasn't?

- He's been in the papers lately. He's expected to be appointed...

director of operations of National Security Council.

- Really?

- These are the letters... that Santiago wrote in his eight months at Gitmo.

- That's Guantanamo Bay. - I knew that one.

- He wrote to the fleet commander to the commandant of the Marine Corps.

Even his senator. He wanted to be transferred off the base.

No one was listening. Are you with me?

- Yeah.

 

-Finally, he wrote to the Naval Investigative Service...

where he offered information about Corporal Dawson's fenceline shooting...

in exchange for a transfer.

- Right. Is that all?

- Lieutenant, this letter makes it look like... your client had a motive to kill Santiago.

- Got you. And Santiago is who?

- The victim.

 

- Write that down. Am I correct to assume these letters...

don't paint a flattering picture of Marine Corps life at Guantanamo Bay?

- Yes, among--

- Am I further right in assuming... investigation of this incident might embarrass the Security Council guy?

- Colonel Jessup.

- Twelve years.

 

- Sorry?

- I'll get them to drop the conspiracy and conduct unbecoming.  Twelve years.

 -You haven't talked to a witness or looked at a piece of paper.

-Pretty impressive, huh?

-You're gonna have to go deeper than that.

 

- Do you have some sort of jurisdiction here that I should know about?

- My job is to make sure that you do your job. I'm special counsel for Internal Affairs...

so my jurisdiction's pretty much in your face.

Read the letters. I'll expect your report when you return from Cuba.

- Sure.

- You're dismissed.

 

- I always forget that part.

- He's a little preoccupied. Team's playing Bethesda Medical next week.

- Tell your friend not to get cute down there. The Marines in Guantanamo are fanatical.

- About what?

- About being Marines.

 

죽은 샌티아고의 편지

Dear sir...

my name is P.F.C. William T. Santiago.

I'm a Marine stationed at Marine barracks...

Rifle Security Company Windward, Second Platoon Bravo.

I'm writing to inform you of my problems with my unit here in Cuba...

and to ask for your help.

I've fallen out on runs before for several reasons...

such as feeling dizzy or nauseated.

But on May 18, I'd fallen back about 20 or 30 yards...

going down a rocky unstable hill.

My sergeant grabbed me and pushed me down the hill.

Then I saw all black, and the last thing I remembered was hitting the deck.

I was brought to the hospital where I was told I just had heat exhaustion.

I ask you to help me.

Please, sir. I just need to be transferred out of R.S.C.

Sincerely, P.F.C. William T. Santiago...

U.S. Marine Corps.

P.S. In exchange for my transfer off the base...

I'm willing to provide you with information about--

 

Jessup 대령

-"The illegal fenceline shooting that occurred the night of August 2."

Who the fuck is P.F.C. William T. Santiago?

Private Santiago is a member of Second Platoon Bravo, sir.

 

Yeah. Well, apparently he's not very happy down here in Shangri-la...

because he's written letters to everybody but Santa Claus... asking for a transfer.

And now he's telling tales about a fenceline shooting.

 

- Matthew?

- I'm appalled, sir.

- You're appalled.

This kid broke the chain of command and ratted on a member of his unit...

to say nothing of the fact that he is a U.S. Marine... and it would appear he can't run from here to there...without collapsing from heat exhaustion.

What the fuck is going on in Bravo Company, Matthew?

- Colonel, I think it would be better to hold this discussion in private.

- That won't be necessary, Colonel. I can handle the situation, sir.

- The same way you handled Curtis Bell? Don't interrupt me, Lieutenant!

- I'm still your superior officer.

- And I'm yours, Matthew.

I wanna know what we're going to do about this.

- I think Santiago should be transferred off the base immediately.

- He's that bad, huh?

-Not only that. But word of this letter is bound to get out.

 

He's gonna get his ass whipped.

- Hmm. Transfer Santiago.

Yes. I'm sure you're right. I'm sure that's the thing to do.

Wait. I've got a better idea.

Let's transfer the whole squad off the base.

Let's-- On second thought, Windward--

Let's transfer the whole Windward Division off the base.

John, go on out there and get those boys down off the fence.

They're packing their bags. Tom.

 

- Sir.

- Get me the president on the phone.

We're surrendering our position in Cuba.

- Yes, sir.

- Wait a minute, Tom. Don't get the president just yet.

Maybe we should consider this for a second.

Dismissed, Tom.

- Yes, sir.

Maybe-- and I'm just spit-balling here--

Maybe we have a responsibility as officers to train Santiago.

Maybe we as officers have a responsibility to this country...

to see that the men and women charged with its security...

are trained professionals.

Yes, I'm certain that I read that somewhere once.

And now I'm thinking, Colonel Markinson...

that your suggestion of transferring Santiago...

while expeditious and certainly painless... might not be, in a manner of speaking...

the American way.

Santiago stays where he is.

We're gonna train the lad.

John, you're in charge. Santiago doesn't make 4-6-4-6...on his next proficiency and conduct report... I'm going to blame you. Then I'm going to kill you.

- Yes, sir.

- I think that's a mistake, Colonel.

- Matthew, I think I will have that word in private with you now.

John, that's all. Why don't we meet at the "O" club and have lunch...

and we'll talk about the training of young William?

I'd be delighted to hear any suggestions that you might have, sir.

Dismissed.

-Yes, sir.

 

- Matthew, sit down. Please.

What do you think of Kendrick?

- My opinion of him has nothing to do--

- I think he's pretty much of a weasel myself... but he's an awfully good officer.

And in the end, we see eye-to-eye on the best way to run a Marine Corps unit.

We're in the business of saving lives, Matthew.

That is a responsibility that we have to take pretty seriously.

And I believe that taking a Marine who is not quite up to the job...

and shipping him off to another assignment... puts lives in danger.

 

Sit down, Matthew.

We go back a while.

We went to the Academy together. We were commissioned together.

We did our tours in Vietnam together.

But I've been promoted up through the chain...

with greater speed and success than you have.

Now, if that's a source of tension...

or embarrassment for you...

I don't give a shit.

We're in the business of saving lives, Lieutenant Colonel Markinson.

Don't ever question my orders in front of another officer.

 

- All the paperwork's in order.

- Step over there.

- Yes, sir. Hal, is this Washington, D.C.?

- All right. Let's move.

- Yes, sir.

 

 

(- Got all of that one. )

 

- Excuse me.

- I wanted to talk to you about Corporal Dawson and Private Downey.

- Say again?

- Dawson and Downey.

- Those names sound like they should mean something to me--

Dawson, Downey-- your clients.

- The Cuba thing! Yes! Dawson and Downey. Right.

I've done something wrong again, haven't I?

-I was just wondering why two guys have been locked up...

since this morning while their lawyer's outside hitting a ball.

 

- We need the practice.

- That wasn't funny.

- It was a little funny.

- Would you be very insulted if I recommended to your supervisor...

that he assign different counsel?

- Why?

- I don't think you're fit to handle it.

- You don't even know me. Ordinarily, it takes someone hours to discover I'm not fit to handle a defense.

-Oh, come on. That was damn funny.

-You're wrong.

I do know you.

Daniel Alistair Kaffee, born June 8, 1964...

at Boston Mercy Hospital.

Your father's Lionel Kaffee...

former Navy judge advocate and attorney general of the United States.

Died 1985.

You went to Harvard law. Then you joined the Navy...

probably because that's what your father wanted you to do.

And now you're just treading water for three years in the JAG Corps.

Just laying low till you can get out and get a real job.

If that's the situation, that's fine. I won't tell anyone.

But it's my feeling that if this case is handled in the same...

fast-food, slick-ass, Persian bazaar manner...

with which you seem to handle everything else...

then something's gonna get missed.

And I wouldn't be doing my job if I allowed Dawson and Downey...

to spend any more time in prison than absolutely necessary...

because their attorney had predetermined the path of least resistance.

- Wow.

I'm sexually aroused, Commander.

-I don't think your clients murdered anyone.

-What are you basing this on?

-There was no intent.

-The doctor's report says Santiago died of asphyxiation...

brought on by acute lactic acidosis...

and that the nature of the acidosis strongly suggests poison.

I don't know what any of that means, but it sounds pretty bad.

-Santiago died at 1:00 a.m. At 3:00, the doctor wasn't able to determine the cause of death. Two hours later, he said it was poison.

-Oh, now I see what you're saying.

It had to be Professor Plum in the library with a candlestick.

- I'm gonna talk to your supervisor.

- Okay.

Go straight up Pennsylvania Avenue.

It's the big white house with the pillars in front.

- Thank you. - I don't think you'll have much luck.

- I was assigned by Division.

Somebody over there thinks I'm a pretty good lawyer.

So while I appreciate your interest and admire your enthusiasm...

I think I can handle things myself.

 

-You know what a Code Red is?

What a pity.

 

 

- Morning, sir.

- Morning.

 

Officer on deck!

Sir, Lance Corporal Harold W. Dawson, sir!

Rifle Security Company Windward, Second Platoon Bravo.

 

-Someone hasn't been working and playing well with others, Harold.

-Sir, yes, sir!

-Sir, P.F.C. Louden Downey, sir!

 

-I'm Daniel Kaffee. This is Sam Weinberg.

Sit down.

This your signature?

- Yes, sir.

-You don't have to call me "sir."

Is this your signature?

- Sir, yes, sir.

- You certainly don't need to do it twice in one sentence.

What's a Code Red?

- It is a disciplinary engagement.

- What's that mean?

- A Marine falls out of line, it's up to the men in his unit to get him on track.

- What's a garden variety Code Red?

- Sir?

 

-Harold, you say, "sir," and I turn around and look for my father. Danny, Daniel, Kaffee.

Garden variety. Typical. What's basic Code Red?

-Sir, a Marine refuses to bathe on a regular basis... the men in his squad will give him a G.I. shower.

-What's that?

-Scrub brushes, Brillo pads, steel wool.

-Beautiful.

-Was the attack on Santiago a Code Red?

-Yes, sir.

-Does he ever talk?

-Sir, P.F.C. Downey will answer any direct questions you ask him.

-Swell.

Private Downey, the rag you stuffed in Santiago's mouth--

Was there poison on it?

- No, sir.

-Silver polish, turpentine, antifreeze?

-No, sir. We were just gonna shave his head, sir.

When all of the sudden--

We saw blood dripping down his mouth...

and we pulled the tape off and there was blood all down his face, sir.

That's when Lance Corporal Dawson called the ambulance.

 

-Did anyone see you call the ambulance?

-No, sir.

-Were you there when the ambulance got there?

-Yes, sir. That's when we were taken under arrest.

-The night of August 2, did you fire a shot across the fenceline into Cuba?

- Yes, sir.

- Why?

- My mirror engaged, sir.

- His mirror?

- Every American sentry post has a Cuban counterpart, called "mirrors."

 

Lance Corporal's claiming that his mirror was about to fire at him.

 

-Santiago's letter to the N.I.S.... said you fired illegally.

He's saying that the guy, the mirror-- He never made a move.

-You see what I'm getting at?

If Santiago didn't have anything on you, then why did you give him a Code Red?

-'Cause he broke the chain of command, sir.

- He what?

- He went outside of his unit, sir.

If he had a problem, he should have spoken to me, sir.

Then his sergeant, then commander--

- Yeah. All right.

Did you assault Santiago with the intent of killing him?

- No, sir. - What was your intent?

- To train him, sir.

- Train him to do what?

-Train him to think of his unit before himself-- to respect the code.

-What's the code?

-Unit, Corps, God, Country.

-I beg your pardon?

-Unit, Corps, God, Country, sir.

-The government of the United States... wants to charge you two with murder...

and you want me to go to the prosecutor...with " Unit, Corps, God, Country"?

-That's our code, sir.

-It's your code. We'll be back.

You guys need anything-- books, papers, cigarettes, ham sandwich?

-Sir, no, thank you, sir.

-Harold, I think there's a concept you better start warming up to.

-Sir?

-I'm the only friend you've got.

 

 

 

Smiling Jack Ross.

 

- Welcome to the big time.

- You think so?

-Let's hope, for Dawson and Downey, you practice law better than play softball.

-Unfortunately for those two, I don't do anything better than play softball.

 

- I'm out of here, Janelle.

- Bye.

- See you when I get back from Cuba.

- Say hi to Castro for me.

- Will do.

What are we looking at?

- They plead guilty, we drop the conspiracy and conduct unbecoming.

Twenty years. They're home in half.

- I want 12.

- Can't do it.

- They called the ambulance.

-I don't care if they called the Avon lady. They killed a Marine.

-The rag was tested for poison. The autopsy, lab reports.

They say the same thing: maybe, maybe not.

-Chief of Internal Medicine at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Hospital...

says he's sure.

-What do you know about Code Reds?

-Oh, man.

We off the record?

- Tell me.

- I'm gonna give you the 12 years.

Before you go getting yourself into trouble tomorrow, you should know...

the platoon commander, Lieutenant Jonathan Kendrick...held a meeting with the men and specifically... told them not to touch Santiago.

- We still playing hoops tomorrow night?

- Do we have a deal?

-I'll talk to you when I get back.

 

 

- Hi there.

- Any luck getting me replaced?

-Is there anyone in this command you don't either drink or play ball with?

- Commander--

- Listen. I came to make peace.

Got off on the wrong foot. What do you say? Friends?

I brought Downey some comic books he was asking for.

The kid, Kaffee, I swear he doesn't know where he is.

Doesn't even know why he's arrested.

- Commander.

- You can call me Joanne.

-Joanne.

- Or Jo.

-Jo

- Yes.

-Jo, if you ever speak to a client of mine again without my permission...

I'll have you disbarred. Friends?

- I had authorization.

- From where?

- Downey's closest living relative. Ginny Miller. His aunt on his mother's side.

-You got authorization from Aunt Ginny?

-I gave her a call like you asked. Very nice woman. We spoke for about an hour.

-You got authorization from Aunt Ginny.

Perfectly within my province.

Does Aunt Ginny have a barn? We could hold the trial there.

I can sew the costumes. Maybe his Uncle Goober can be the judge.

-I'm going to Cuba with you tomorrow.

-And the hits just keep on coming.

 

- How's it going, Luther?

- Another day, another dollar, captain.

- You gotta play them as they lay.

- What goes around comes around.

- Can't beat'em, join'em.

- At least I got my health. Well, then you got everything.

- See you tomorrow, Luther.

-Not if I see you first.

 

-Now don't forget. When Sally gets back, you're my witness.

The baby spoke. My daughter said a word.

-Your daughter made a sound, Sam. I'm not sure it was a word.

-Come on, now. It was definitely a word.

You heard her. The girl sat here, pointed and said, " Pa."

-She did. She said, " Pa.“

- She was pointing at a mailbox, Sam.

-That's right, pointing as if to say, " Pa, look. A mailbox."

 

-Jack Ross came to see me today. He offered me the 12 years.

- Oh, that's what you wanted, right?

- I know, I know. I mean, I guess I'll take it. I'll take it.

- So--

- It took about 45 seconds. He barely put up a fight.

-Danny, take the 12 years. It's a gift.

-You don't believe their story, do you?

You think they ought to go to jail for the rest of their lives.

-I believe every word of their story...

and I think they ought to go to jail for the rest of their lives.

- See you tomorrow.

- Okay.

 

-Don't forget to wear the whites. Very hot down there.

-I don't like the whites.

 

-Nobody likes the whites, but we're going to Cuba.

- You got Dramamine?

- Dramamine keeps you cool?

-No, Dramamine keeps you from throwing up. You get sick when you fly.

-I get sick when I fly because I'm afraid of crashing into a large mountain.

I don't think Dramamine will help.

-I got some oregano. I hear that works pretty good.

 

-You know, Ross said the strangest thing to me right before I left.

He said the platoon commander Lieutenant Jonathan Kendrick...

had a meeting with the men and told them not to touch Santiago.

-So?

-I never mentioned Kendrick. I don't even know who he is. ....

Ah, what the hell. I'll see you tomorrow.

 

Lieutenants Kaffee and Weinberg, Commander Galloway.

 

- I'm Corporal Barnes. I'm to escort you to the windward side of the base.

- Thank you. - I got some camouflage jackets here.

- I suggest you both put them on.

- Camouflage jackets?

- Yes, sir. We'll be riding pretty close to the fenceline.

The Cubans see an officer wearing white...

they think it might be someone they want to take a shot at.

-Good call, Sam.

 

- We'll just hop on the ferry. We'll be there in no time.

- Wait. We gotta take a boat?

- Yes, sir.

- To get to the other side of the bay.

- Nobody said anything about a boat.

- Is there a problem, sir?

- No, no problem.

Just not crazy about boats.

 

-Jesus Christ, Kaffee, you're in the Navy, for crying out loud.

- Nobody likes her very much.

- Yes, sir!

 

-Nathan Jessup. Come on in.

-Thank you, sir. Daniel Kaffee. I'm the attorney for Dawson and Downey.

This is Lieutenant Commander Joanne Galloway.

- Pleasure meeting you, Commander.

- Observing and evaluating, sir.

Lieutenant Sam Weinberg. He'll be assisting.

 

- Sir.

- This is my X.O., Colonel Markinson...

and platoon leader Lieutenant Kendrick.

I've asked them to join us. Sit down, please.

 

- Lieutenant Kaffee.

- Colonel Markinson.

- I had the pleasure of meeting your father once.

I was a teenager. He spoke at my high school.

Lionel Kaffee?

 

- Yes, sir.

- Well, what do you know?

- John, this man's dad once made a lot of enemies down in your neck of the woods.

Jefferson v. Madison County School District.

Folks down there said a black girl couldn't go to an all-white school.

Lionel Kaffee said, "Well, we'll just see about that."

How the hell is your dad, Danny?

 

-He passed away seven years ago, sir.

- Don't I feel like the fuckin' asshole.

- Not at all.

 

-Well, what can we do for you, Danny?

-Uh, not much, sir.

This is really a formality more than anything else.

JAG Corps insists that we interview all the relevant witnesses.

 

-The JAG Corps can be demanding that way.

-John will take you out and show you what you want to see.

After that we can all hook up for lunch.

How does that sound?

-Good. - Fine, sir.

 

- I understand you had a meeting with your men that afternoon.

- Yes, I did.

- What did you guys talk about?

- I told the men that we had an informer among us...

and that despite any desire they might have to seek retribution...

Private Santiago was not to be harmed in anyway.

- What time was that meeting? - 16:00.

(- That's 4:00. )

 

- Sam, we should make sure somebody gets this to his parents.

We don't need it anymore.

- Right.

 

-Lieutenant Kendrick, may I call you John?

-No, you may not.

-Have I done something to offend you?

-No, I like all you Navy boys.

Every time we gotta go someplace to fight, you fellas always give us a ride.

 

- Lieutenant Kendrick, do you think Santiago was murdered?

- Commander, I believe in God and His Son Jesus Christ.

And because I do, I can say this:

Private Santiago is dead, and that is a tragedy.

But he is dead because he had no code.

He is dead because he had no honor, and God was watching.

-How do you feel about that theory?

-Sounds good. Let's move on.

-Are you planning on doing any investigating...

or are you just gonna take the guided tour?

-I'm pacing myself.

 

 

-They were running around for three hours...

looking for anything white they could wave in the air.

Some of these people surrendered to a crew from CNN.

Well, walk softly and carry an armored tank division, I always say.

 

- That was delicious. Thank you.

- My pleasure, sir.

 

-Colonel, I do have to ask you a couple of questions about September 6.

-Shoot.

-On the morning of the sixth, you were contacted by an N.I.S. agent...

who said that Santiago tipped him off to an illegal fenceline shooting.

- Yes.

- Santiago would reveal the person in exchange for a transfer.

- Yes.

- If you feel there are any details that I'm missing... you should feel free to speak up.

- Thank you.

-Now, at this point you called Lieutenant Colonel Markinson...

and Lieutenant Kendrick into your office.

 

- Is that right?

- Yes.

-What happened?

-We agreed that, for his own safety, Santiago should be transferred off base.

Santiago was set to be transferred.

On the first available flight to the States...

06:00 the next morning.

Five hours too late, as it turned out.

-Yeah.

All right. That's all I have. Thanks very much for your time.

-Corporal's waiting with the Jeep. He'll take you back to the flight line.

- Thank you, sir.

- Wait. I've got some questions.

- No, you don't.

- Yes, I do.

- No, you don't.

- On the morning that Santiago died...

did you meet with Dr. Stone between 3:00 and 5:00?

- Of course I met with the doctor. One of my men was dead.

- See? The man was dead. Let's go.

- I'm just wondering if you've ever heard the term "Code Red."

- I've heard the term, yes.

-This past February, you received a cautionary memo...

from the commander-in-chief of the Atlantic fleet...

warning that the practice of enlisted men...

disciplining their own wasn't to be condoned by officers.

-Well, I submit to you that whoever wrote that memo...

has never faced the working end...

of a Soviet-made Cuban AK-47 assault rifle.

However, the directive having come from the commander...

I gave it its due attention.

What is your point, o?

- She has no point.

She often has no point. It's part of her charm.

- We're out of here. Thank you.

- I think Code Reds still go on here.

- Do Code Reds still happen here?

- Oh, he doesn't need to answer that.

- Yes, he does.

- No, he really doesn't.

- Yeah, he really does.

- You know, it just hit me. She outranks you, Danny.

- Yes, sir.

- I wanna tell you something.

And listen up, 'cause I really mean this.

You're the luckiest man in the world.

There is nothing on this earth sexier-- believe me, gentlemen--

than a woman that you have to salute in the morning.

Promote 'em all, I say, 'cause this is true:

If you haven't gotten a blow job from a superior officer...

well, you're just letting the best in life pass you by.

-Colonel, the practice of Code Reds is still condoned by officers--

-My problem is that I'm a colonel, so I'll go on taking cold showers...

until they elect some gal president.

-I need an answer to my question, sir.

-Take caution in your tone, Commander.

I'm a fair guy, but this fucking heat is making me absolutely crazy.

You wanna ask me about Code Reds? On the record...

I tell you I discourage the practice...

in accordance with the commander's directive.

Off the record, I tell you it is an invaluable part...

of close-infantry training.

And if it happens to go on without my knowledge, so be it.

I run my unit how I run my unit.

You wanna investigate me, roll the dice and take your chances.

 

I eat breakfast 300 yards from 4,000 Cubans who are trained to kill me.

So don't think for one second that you can come down here...

flash a badge...and make me nervous.

-Let's go.

-Colonel, I'll just need a copy of Santiago's transfer order.

-What's that?

-Santiago's transfer order. You guys have paperwork on that kind of thing.

I just need it for the file.

- For the file.

- Yeah.

-Of course you can have a copy of the transfer order for the file.

- I'm here to help in anyway I can.

- Thank you.

-You believe that, don't you, Danny, that I'm here to help you in anyway I can?

-Of course.

-Corporal will take you by personnel on your way out to the flight line...

and you can have all the transfer orders that you want.

- Let's go.

- But you have to ask me nicely.

-I beg your pardon?

-You have to ask me nicely.

You see, Danny, I can deal with the bullets and the bombs and the blood.

I don't want money, and I don't want medals.

What I do want is for you to stand there in that faggoty white uniform...

and with your Harvard mouth extend me some fucking courtesy.

You gotta ask me nicely.

 

-Colonel Jessup, if it's not too much trouble...

I'd like a copy of the transfer order, sir.

-No problem.

 

( In the seventh. San Diego leads. Braves try to come back.

Runners don't go.

Hard drive, right field. We're gonna have a tied ball game.

It's on its way, and it is now 10 to 10. And I don 't believe it.)

 

- Who is it?

- It's me.

-I really missed you. I was just saying to myself it's been almost three hours.

- Markinson's disappeared.

- What?

- Colonel Markinson's gone U.A.-- unauthorized absence.

- I know what it means. When?

- This afternoon. Sometime after we left.

- I'll try to find him in the morning.

- I've already tried.

-You tried? Joanne, you're coming dangerously close to the textbook definition

of interfering with a government investigation.

-I'm Louden Downey's attorney. Aunt Ginny, She says she feels like she's known me for years. So I suggested that she might feel more comfortable, if I were directly involved with the cas. She had Louden sign the papers about an hour ago.

- I suppose it's way too much to hope that you're making this up just to bother me.

- Don't worry. I'm not gonna make a motion for separation.

You're still lead counsel.

- Splendid.

- I think Kendrick ordered the Code Red, and so do you.

- Let's go.

 

-Officer on deck!

 

- Did Kendrick order the Code Red?

- Sir?

- Don't say "Sir" like I just asked you if you cleaned the latrine.

You heard what I said. Did Lieutenant Kendrick order you guys...

to give Santiago a Code Red?

-Yes, sir.

- Did he?

- Yes, sir.

-You mind telling me why you never mentioned this before?

-You didn't ask us, sir

-That won't win you a place in my heart.

I get paid no matter how much time you spend in jail.

-Yes, sir. I know you do, sir.

- Fuck you, Harold!

 

(Joanne)

- All right. At ease.

- Let's sort this thing out.

(- Shit! )

-There was a platoon meeting on September 6 at 4:00 in the afternoon.

Lieutenant Kendrick says that he gave strict instructions...

that nothing was to happen to Santiago.

Now, is this true?

I want you to speak freely.

-Ma'am, that's correct...

but then he dismissed the platoon and we all went to our rooms.

-And what happened then?

-Lieutenant Kendrick came to our room, ma'am.

-When?

-About five minutes after the meeting broke, sir. About 16:20.

-And what happened then?

-Lieutenant Kendrick ordered us to give Santiago a Code Red.

 

 

 

-Jack!

-Hang on.

-They were given an order.

-Jack, come on.

- Be right back.

- What are you doin', Jack?

- Be right back.

- How long did you know about the order?

- I didn't. Who's this?

- That's Jo Galloway, Downey's lawyer. She's very pleased to meet you.

- What exactly are you accusing me of?

- How long did you know about the order?

- He didn't, 'cause if he did and hadn't told us...

he'd be violating about 14 articles of the Code of Ethics.

He has enough to worry about...

God forbid our clients decide to plead not guilty...

and testify for the record that they were given an order.

-Kendrick specifically told those men not to touch Santiago.

-That's right. And then he went into Dawson and Downey's room...

and specifically told them to give him a Code Red.

- Kendrick said different. Have proof?

- He's lying. I have the defendants.

- And I have 23 Marines who aren't accused of murder...

and a lieutenant with four letters of commendation.

- Why did Markinson go U.A.?

- We'll never know.

- You don't think I could subpoena him?

- You can try, but you won't find him.

You know what he did for the first 17 of his 26 years in the Corps?

Counterintelligence. Markinson's gone. There is no Markinson.

 

Look, Danny.

Jessup's star is on the rise.

Division will give me a lot of room on this one...

to spare Jessup and the Corps any embarrassment.

 

-How much?

-Involuntary manslaughter, two years, they're home in six months.

-No deal. We're going to court.

- No, you're not.

- Why not?

-'Cause you'll lose, and Danny knows it.

If we do go to court, I'm gonna have to go all the way.

They're gonna be charged with a whole truckload--

murder, conspiracy, conduct unbecoming.

Even though he's got me by the balls out here, Danny knows...

that in a courtroom, he loses this case.

Danny is an awfully talented lawyer.

He's not about to see his clients go to jail for life...

when he knows they can be home in six months.

That's the end of this negotiation.

I'll see you tomorrow morning at the arraignment.

 

 

-All right. Here's the story.

The government's offering involuntary manslaughter, two years.

Be home in six months.

Wow, Kaffee! You're the greatest lawyer in the world!

Ooh, how can we ever thank you?

Fellas, you hear what I just said?

You're going home in six months.

 

-I'm afraid we can't do that, sir.

 

- Do what?

- Make a deal, sir.

- What are you talking about?

- We did nothing wrong, sir. We did our job...

and if that has consequences, then I'll accept them.

But I won't say that I'm guilty, sir.

-Did you-- Did she put you up to this?

- We have a code, sir.

- Oh, well, zip-a-dee-doo-dah!

You and your code plead not guilty. You'll be in jail the rest of your life.

Do what I'm telling you, you'll be home in six months.

Do it, Harold. Six months.

It's nothing. It's a hockey season.

- Permission to--

- Speak! Jesus!

- What do we do then, sir?

- When?

- After six months, we'll be dishonorably discharged, right, sir?

- Probably.

- Well, what do we do then, sir?

We joined the Marines because we wanted to live our lives by a certain code.

And we found it in the Corps.

Now you're asking us to sign a piece of paper that says we have no honor.

You're asking us to say we're not Marines.

If a court decides that what we did was wrong...

then I'll accept whatever punishment they give.

But I believe I was right, sir. I believe I did my job...

and I will not dishonor myself, my unit or the Corps...

so that I can go home in six months...

sir.

 

- Commander, I'd like to talk to Lance Corporal Dawson alone for a minute.

 

-Sergeant.

We're gonna go to another room.

 

We'd like another holding room.

- All right, ma'am.

- It's gonna be okay.

- Sit down.

- You don't like me very much, do you?

Forget it. Don't answer that. It doesn't matter.

You know...

Downey worships you.

He's gonna do whatever you do.

Are you really gonna let this happen to him because of a code, Harold?

 

- Do you think we were right?

- It doesn't matter--

- Do you think we were right?

- I think you'd lose.

- You're such a coward.

I can't believe they let you wear a uniform.

- I'm not gonna feel responsible for this. I did everything I could.

You're going to Leavenworth for the better part of your life.

And you know what? I don't give a shit.

What happened to saluting an officer when he leaves the room?

 

Open it up.

 

 

-I don't believe it.

Dawson's gonna go to jail just to spite me.

Fine. If he wants to jump off a cliff, that's his business.

I'm not gonna hold his hand on the way. I wanna get him a new lawyer. How?

-Just make a motion tomorrow morning at the arraignment.

The judge will ask you if you want to enter a plea...

and you tell him that you want to have new counsel assigned.

-That's that.

 

-One thing, though. When you ask the judge for new counsel...

Danny, be sure and ask nicely.

- What do you want from me?

- I want you to let them be judged.

I want you to stand up and make an argument.

-An argument that didn't work for Calley at My Lai.

An argument that didn't work for the Nazis at Nuremburg.

 

-Oh, for Christ's sake, Sam.

Do you really think that's the same as two teenage Marines...

executing a routine order they never believed would result in harm?

These guys aren't the Nazis.

-Don't look now, Danny, but you're making an argument.

-Yeah, yeah. Tomorrow morning I get them a new attorney.

-Why are you so afraid to be a lawyer?

Were Daddy's expectations really that high?

-Oh, please. Spare me the psycho-babble father bullshit!

Dawson and Downey will have their day in court, but with another lawyer.

-Another lawyer won't be good enough. They need you.

You know how to win. You know they have a case, and you know how to win.

If you walk away from this now, you've sealed their fate.

Their fate was sealed the moment Santiago died.

- Do you believe they have a case?

- You and Dawson.

You both live in the same dream world.

It doesn't matter what I believe.

It only matters what I can prove.

So, please, don't tell me what I know and don't know!

 

I know the law!

-You know nothing about the law. You're a used car salesman, Daniel.

You're an ambulance chaser with a rank.

You're nothing. Live with that.

(So I told Duncan...

"If you wanna take this to court I'm gonna file nine discovery motions...

and you're gonna spend a year going blind on paperwork...

because a 90-year-old man misread the Delaware insurance code."

- So what happened?

- He calls back 15 minutes later.

He says, " Let's make a deal." )

 

 

All rise.

 

-Where are we?

-Docket number 411275VR-5.

The United States v. Lance Corporal Harold W. Dawson...

and Private First Class Louden Downey.

The accused are charged with murder, conspiracy to commit murder...

and conduct unbecoming a United States Marine.

-Does the defense wish to enter a plea?

-Yeah...

They're not guilty.

-Enter a plea of not guilty for the accused.

We'll adjourn until 1000, three weeks from today...

at which time this general court-martial will reconvene.

 

 

-Why does a lieutenant junior grade with ninth months' experience...

and a track record for plea bargaining get assigned a murder case?

 

Would it be so that it never sees the inside of a courtroom?

We'll work out of my apartment every night, 7:00.

Jo, pick up a carton of legal pads, half a dozen boxes of red and black pens.

Sam, get a couple of desk lamps. I need a preliminary medical profile.

Jo, we need all proficiency and conduct reports on Dawson, Downey and Santiago.

The only thing I have to eat is Yoo-hoo and Cocoa Puffs...

so if you want anything else, bring it with you.

Okay?

- Yeah.

 

- So this is what a courtroom looks like.

 

- Were you able to speak to your friend at the N.I.S.?

- Yeah. She said if Markinson doesn't want to be found...

we're not gonna find him.

She said I could be Markinson, and you wouldn't know it.

-Are you Markinson?

- I'm not Markinson.

That's two down. What?

- I'm just wondering, now that Joanne's on this--

I'm just wondering if you still need me.

- They were following orders.

- An illegal order.

- Do you think they knew it was an illegal order?

- It doesn't matter what they knew. Any decent person would have refused--

-They're not permitted to question orders.

-Then what's the secret? Huh? What are the magic words?

I give orders every day--

- We have softball games and marching bands.

They work at a place where you have to wear camouflage or you might get shot!

I need you.

You're better at research than I am, and you know how to prepare a witness.

 

- (Joanne)I've got medical reports and Chinese food. I say we eat first.

What?

-You got any kung pao chicken?

 

 

This is our defense

Intent -- No one can prove there was poison on the rag.

Code Red-- they're common and accepted in Guantanamo Bay.

The order-- A: Kendrick gave it, B: They had to follow it.

That's it.

 

- What about motive?

- We're a little weak on motive. They had one.

- (Joanne)That doesn't mean they're guilty.

- Relax.

We'll deal with the fenceline shooting when it comes up.

Let's start with intent. I don't want to know what made Santiago die.

I just want to show it could've been something other than poison.

Jo, talk to doctors. Find out everything there is to know about lactic acidosis.

 

-This is Lieutenant Commander Galloway with the JAG Corps in Washington.

I've been trying to track down a Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Markinson.

 

-Doctor, was there any sign of external damage?

No scrapes? No cuts? Bruises? Broken bones?

 

- Was there any sign of violence?

- You mean, other than the dead body?

- Shit, I walk into that every goddamn time.

 

-He ordered me and Lance Corporal Dawson to give Willie a Code Red.

-Answers still have to come much faster.

 

This Iowa farm boy thing will play for a while...

but in the end, it sounds like he's searching for the truth.

 

-He's right. From now on, Willie is Private Santiago.

You start calling him Willie, and all of a sudden he's a person...

who's got a mother who's gonna miss him, okay?

 

-They drew the court members this afternoon.

Seven men, two women, five Navy, four Marines.

All officers with line experience. Neither of the women have children.

That's a bad break. There 's nothing we can do.

My father always said a jury trial is not just about the law.

It's about assigning blame. Santiago's dead, and he shouldn't be.

These nine people are gonna insist that someone be blamed for that.

Ross is handing them our clients. We're gonna hand them Kendrick.

This is about a sales pitch. It's gonna be won by the lawyers.

So remember, poker faces. Don't flinch in front of the court members.

Something doesn't go our way, don't hang your head or shift in your seat.

Whatever happens, you have to look like it's exactly what you knew would happen.

If you pass me documents do it swiftly and don't look eager.

 

-Don't wear that perfume in court. Wrecks my concentration.

-Really?

-I was talking to Sam.

 

What time is it?

It's time to go home. Try to get some sleep.

Yeah.

Give me a ride?

Sure.

You're a good man, Charlie Brown.

 

I'll see you in court, counselor.

 

- Danny, I--

- You don't have to say it.

We've had our differences. I said some things I didn't mean.

You said some things you didn't mean, but you're happy I stuck with the case.

And if you've gained a certain respect for me over the last three weeks...

of course, I'm happy about that.

But we don't have to make a whole big deal out of it.

If you like me, I won't make you say it.

- I was just gonna tell you to wear matching socks tomorrow.

- Okay. Good tip.

- We're ready.

- Better believe it.

 

(We're gonna get creamed. )

 

 

- Lieutenant Kaffee?

- Yes?

- You are gonna save our son, aren't you?

- I'll do my best.

- Danny, I'd like you to meet Ginny Miller, Louden's aunt.

- You're Aunt Ginny?

- Uh-huh.

- I'm sorry. I was expecting someone older.

- So was I.

 

- Last chance. I'll flip you for it.

 

 

- All rise. - Too late.

 

(All those having business with this general court-martial...

 

stand forward and you shall be heard. Colonel Julius Alexander Randolph is presiding. )

 

- Is the government prepared to make an opening statement?

-Yes, sir.

The facts of the case are these:

On midnight of September 6, the accused entered the barracks room...

of their platoon mate, P.F.C. William Santiago.

They woke him up, tied his arms and legs with tape...

and forced a rag into his throat.

A few minutes later, a chemical reaction called lactic acidosis...

caused his lungs to begin bleeding.

He drowned in his own blood...

and was pronounced dead at 37 minutes past midnight.

These are the facts of the case, and they are undisputed.

 

That's right. The story I've just told you...

is the exact same story you're gonna hear from Lance Corporal Dawson...

and it's the exact same story you're gonna hear from Private Downey.

Furthermore, the government will also demonstrate...

that the accused soaked the rag in poison...

and entered Santiago's room with motive and intent to kill.

Now, Lieutenant Kaffee...

is gonna try and pull off a little magic act here.

He's gonna try a little misdirection.

He's gonna astonish you with stories of rituals...

and dazzle you with official-sounding terms...

like "Code Red."

He might even try to cut into a few officers for you.

He'll have no evidence, mind you, none, but it's gonna be entertaining.

And when we get to the end, all the magic in the world will not have been able to divert your attention from the fact. that Willie Santiago is dead and Dawson and Downey killed him.

These are the facts of the case, and they are undisputed.

-Lieutenant Kaffee.

-There was no poison on the rag, and there was no intent to kill.

Any attempt to prove otherwise is futile 'cause it just ain't true.

When Dawson and Downey went into Santiago's room that night...

it wasn't because of vengeance or hatred.

It wasn't to kill or harm, and it wasn't because they were looking for kicks.

It's because it was what they were ordered to do.

Let me say that again.

It's because it was what they were ordered to do.

Out in the real world that means nothing...

and here at the Washington Navy Yard it doesn't mean a whole lot more.

But if you're a Marine assigned to Rifle Security Company Windward...

Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and you're given an order...

you follow it or you pack your bags.

Make no mistake about it.

Harold Dawson and Louden Downey are sitting before you today...

because they did their job.

 

- Is the government ready to call its first witness?

 

- If it please the court, the government calls Mr. R.C. McGuire.

 

Mr. McGuire, would you raise your right hand, please?

Do you solemnly swear that the testimony you give this general court-martial...

will be the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth?

 

- I do.

- Have a seat, please, sir.

Would you state your full name and occupation, for the record?

 

-Robert C. McGuire, Special Agent, Naval Investigative Service.

- Mr. McGuire, did your office receive a letter from P.F.C. William Santiago...

 

on 3 September of this year?

- We did.

- What did that letter say?

- That a member of Santiago's unit had fired his weapon over the fenceline.

- Was that Marine identified in the letter?

- No. I notified the barracks C.O. Colonel Jessup that I would be coming down to investigate.

- And what did you find?

- The shift reported only one sentry returned his weapon to the switch

with a round of ammunition missing.

- Who was that?

- Lance Corporal Harold Dawson.

- Your witness.

 

- Mr. McGuire, have you questioned Dawson about the fenceline shooting?

-Yes. He claims to have been engaged in some manner by the enemy.

- You don' believe him?

- It's not my place--

- Lance Corporal Dawson's been charged with a number of crimes.

Why wasn't he charged with firing at the enemy without cause?

-There wasn't enough evidence to support such a charge.

-Thank you.

 

검찰

-Mr. McGuire, I don't understand what you mean when you say...

"There wasn't enough evidence to support such a charge."

You had William Santiago's letter.

-Santiago was the only eyewitness.

-I never had the chance to interview him, so I don't know what he saw.

-And now we'll never know, will we, Mr. McGuire?

No more questions.

- The witness is excused.

 

-Corporal Carl Edward Hammaker, Marine Barracks...

Rifle Security Company Windward, Second Platoon Bravo.

-Corporal, were you present at a meeting that Lieutenant Kendrick held...

on the afternoon of September 6 with the members of the Second Platoon?

-Yes, sir.

-Would you tell the court the substance of that meeting?

-Lieutenant Kendrick told us we had an informer in our group--

that Private Santiago had gone outside the chain of command...

and reported to the N.I.S. on a member of our platoon.

-Did that make you mad? You can tell the truth, Corporal.

Did it make you mad?

- Yes, sir.

- How mad?

- Private Santiago betrayed a code we believe in very deeply, sir.

- Were the other squad members angry?

- Object. Speculation.

- Were Dawson and Downey?

- Is the government counsel honestly asking the witness to testify as to how my clients felt?

-Sustained.

- Corporal, did Lieutenant Kendrick leave a standing order at that meeting?

- Yes, sir.

- What was it?

- Well, it was clear that he didn't want us taking matters into our own hands.

- What was the order?

- Sir, he said Santiago wasn't to be touched.

-Your witness.

 

-Corporal Hammaker, were you in Dawson and Downey's barracks...

five minutes after this meeting?

-No, sir.

-Thanks. I have no more questions.

 

- The witness is excused.

 

-The government calls Corporal Raymond Thomas.

-I understand Captain Ross is planning on calling all the other members...

of Rifle Security Company Windward to testify.

 

-In light of the defense Lieutenant Kaffee is planning to mount...

the explicit instructions of a platoon leader seems particularly relevant.

 

-The defense is willing to concede that all 22 witnesses...

will testify substantially as Corporal Hammaker did...

if the government is willing to concede that none of them...

were in Dawson and Downey's room at 16:20 on September 6.

 

- Captain?

- The government will stipulate.

 

-Then we'll adjourn for the day. You can call your next witness tomorrow.

 

 

All rise.

 

 

-I want to go over the doctor again.

- We're taking the right approach.

- We've been over this already.

- Listen to me. 3:00Stone says he doesn't know what killed Santiago.

Then he meets with Jessup, and at 5:00 he says it was poison?

- The doctor's not telling the truth. -

- Oh, that's a relief!.

I was afraid I wouldn't be able to use the "liar, liar, pants on fire" defense.

We can't prove coercion. Let's go over what we have, okay?

 

증인

- Private Santiago was admitted to the E.R. at 0012...

and he was pronounced dead at 0037.

- Dr. Stone, what is lactic acidosis?

-If the muscles and other cells of the body burn sugar...

instead of oxygen, lactic acid is produced.

That lactic acid is what caused Santiago's lungs to bleed.

-Normally, how long does it take for the muscles and other cells...

to begin burning sugar instead of oxygen?

-Twenty to thirty minutes.

-And what caused this process to be sped up in Santiago's muscles?

-An ingested poison of some kind .

 

-Your Honor, we object at this point. The witness is speculating.

-Commander Stone is an expert medical witness.

In this courtroom, his opinion is not considered speculation.

Commander Stone is an internist, not a criminologist.

The medical facts here are ultimately inconclusive.

 

-A point I'm confident you'll illustrate to the court under cross-examination.

So I'm sure you won't mind if his opinion is admitted now.

-Not at all, sir.

 

-Dr. Stone, did Willie Santiago die of poisoning?

-Absolutely.

-You're aware that the lab and coroner's report show no traces of poison?

- Yes, I am.

- Then how do you justify--

- There are literally dozens of toxins which are virtually undetectable...

both in the human body and on a fabric.

The nature of the acidosis is the compelling factor on this issue.

- Thank you, sir.

 

-Commander, is it possible for a person to have an affliction--

some sort of condition-- which might speed up the process of acidosis?

Commander, is it possible?

-It's possible.

-What might some of those conditions be?

-If a person had a coronary disorder...

or a cerebral disorder, the process would be more rapid.

-If I had a coronary condition and a clean rag was placed in my mouth...

and the rag was pushed too far down, is it possible that my cells...

would continue burning sugar after the rag was taken out?

-It would have to be a very serious condition.

-Is it possible to have a serious coronary condition...

where the warning signals were so mild as to escape a physician...

during a routine medical exam?

-Possibly. There would still be symptoms, though.

- What kind of symptoms?

- There are hundreds--

- Chest pains?

- Yes.

- Shortness of breath?

- Yes.

- Fatigue?

- Of course.

-Doctor, is this your signature?

-Yes, it is.

-This is an order for Private Santiago to be put on restrictive duty.

Would you read your handwritten remarks at the bottom of the page, please?

-"Initial testing, negative. Patient complains of chest pains...

shortness of breath and fatigue.

Restricted from running distances over five miles for one week."

-Commander, isn't it possible that Santiago had a serious condition...

and it was that condition that caused the accelerated chemical reaction?

-It's not possible?

- I personally give each man a thorough physical examination.

Private Santiago was given a clean bill of health.

-That's why it had to be poison, right, Commander?

'Cause if you put a man with a serious coronary condition on duty...

and that man died from a heart-related incident...

you'd have a lot to answer for, wouldn't you, Doctor?

- Object! Move to strike.

- Sustained.

-I have no more questions, Your Honor.

 

-Dr. Stone, you've held a medical license for 17 years.

You're Board-certified in internal medicine.

You are chief of internal medicine at a hospital which serves 5,426 people.

In your professional medical opinion, was Willie Santiago poisoned?

 

-We renew our objection to Commander Stone's testimony...

and ask that it be stricken from the record.

We further ask the court members to lend no weight to this witness's testimony.

 

-The objection is overruled.

-The defense strenuously objects and requests an 802 conference...

so that His Honor might have a chance to hear discussion before ruling.

-The objection of the defense has been heard and overruled.

- Move to reconsider.

- Your objection is noted.

The witness is an expert, and the court will hear his opinion!

-Dr. Stone, in your expert, professional opinion...

was Willie Santiago poisoned?

-Yes.

-Thank you, sir. I have no more questions.

 

-Commander, you may step down.

 

-Please the court, while we reserve the right to call rebuttal witnesses...

the government rests.

 

-We'll stand in recess until 1000, Monday the 19th...

at which time, the defense will call its first witness.

 

 

All rise.

 

-"I strenuously object"?

-Is that how it works? "Objection overruled."

-" No, no. I strenuously object."

"Oh, well, if you strenuously object, then I should take time to reconsider."

-I got it on the record.

-You also got the court members thinking we're afraid of the doctor.

You object once, so they can hear us say he's not a criminologist.

You keep after it, and suddenly it looks like a bunch of fancy lawyer tricks.

It's the difference between paper law and trial law.

You even had the judge saying Stone was an expert!

-She made a mistake. Let's not relive it.

-I'm gonna go call my wife. I'll see you tonight.

 

-Why do you hate them so much?

-They beat up on a weakling. That's all they did.

The rest of this is just smoke-filled coffee house crap.

They tortured and tormented a weaker kid!

They didn't like him, so they killed him.

And why? Because he couldn't run very fast!

 

-All right. Everybody take the night off.

We've been working 20 hours a day for three and half weeks straight.

Just take the night off. Go see your wife, your daughter.

 

Jo, go do...

whatever it is you do when you're not here.

 

- What day is tomorrow? - Saturday.

 

We start at 10:00.

 

 

-Why do you like them so much?

-'Cause they stand on a wall....

and they say, " Nothing's gonna hurt you tonight, not on my watch."

 

-Don't worry about the doctor. This trial starts Monday.

 

 

(1 and 2 with two out. Anda line drive to left center.

Kirby racing. He won't get there.

And rounding third is Cal Ripken...

and the Twins' streak is over.

One strike away, and Randy Milligan feels right now like Hulk Hogan. )

 

-I'm sorry to bother you. I should've called first.

-No, I was just watching a ball game. Come on in. -

- I was wondering ifHow you'd feel about my taking you to dinner tonight?

- Are you asking me out on a date?

- No.

- Sounded like you were asking me on a date.

- I've been asked out on dates before, and that's what it sounded like.

 

-Do you like seafood? I know a good seafood place.

-My third case was a drunk and disorderly.

 

It lasted nine weeks. I rounded up 31 people from the bar that night.

-Nine weeks on a D and D? What was the prosecutor offering?

-Fifteen days.

-You sure hustled the shit out of him.

-Well, after that they moved me to Internal Affairs.

- Tough to blame them.

- Where I have earned...

two meritorious service medals and two letters of commendation.

-Why are you always giving me your resume?

-Because I want you to think I'm a good lawyer.

-I do.

-No, you don't.

I think you're an exceptional lawyer.

I watch the court members. They respond to you. They like you.

I see you convincing them, and I think Dawson and Downey...

are gonna end up owing their lives to you.

 

-Jo, I think--

I think you should prepare yourself for the fact that we're gonna lose.

Ross's opening statement-- it was all true.

Let's pretend for a minute that it would actually matter...

that the guys were given an order.

I can't prove it ever happened.

We'll keep doing what we're doing and we'll put on a show...

but all we have is the testimony of two people accused of murder.

-We'll find Markinson.

-Jo, we're gonna lose, and we're gonna lose huge.

 

 

Corporal Jeffrey Owen Barnes, Marine Barracks Windward...

Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

 

-Corporal Barnes, name some reasons why a Marine would receive a Code Red.

 

-Being late for platoon or company meetings.

Keeping his barracks in disorder. Falling back on a run.

- Have you ever received a Code Red?

- Yes, sir.

We were doing seven-man assault drills, and my weapon slipped.

It was 'cause it was over 100 degrees, and my palms were sweaty...

and I'd forgotten to use the resin like we were taught.

-What happened?

That night, the guys in my squad threw a blanket over me...

took turns punching me in the arm for five minutes...

then they poured glue on my hands.

And it worked too, 'cause I ain't never dropped my weapon since.

-Was Private Santiago ever late for platoon meetings?

-Yes, sir.

- Was his barracks ever in disorder?

- Yes, sir.

- Did he ever fall back on a run?

- All the time, sir.

- Did he ever, prior to the night of September 6, receive a Code Red?

-No, sir.

- Never?

- No, sir.

-You got a Code Red 'cause your palms were sweaty.

Why didn't Santiago, this burden to his unit, ever get one?

-Dawson wouldn't allow it, sir.

-Dawson wouldn't allow it.

-The guys talked tough about Santiago, but they wouldn't go near him.

They were too afraid of Dawson.

-Object. The witness is speculating.

-I'll rephrase. Jeffrey, did you ever want to give Santiago a Code Red?

- Yes, sir.

- Why didn't you?

-'Cause Dawson would kick my butt, sir.

-Good enough. Captain Ross is gonna ask you some questions now.

 

-Corporal Barnes...

-I hold here the Marine Outline for Recruit Training.

- Are you familiar with this book? - Yes, sir.

- Have you read it? - Yes, sir.

- Would you turn to the chapter that deals with Code Reds, please?

- Just flip to the page of the book that discusses Code Reds.

- Well, you see, sir, Code Red is a term that we use.

Just down in Gitmo--

-Oh, we're in luck, then.

Standard Operating Procedure, Rifle Security Company, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

I assume we'll find the term Code Red and its definition in that book.

-No, sir.

Corporal Barnes, I'm a Marine.

Is there no book, no manual or pamphlet, no set of orders or regulations...

that lets me know that as a Marine one of my duties is to perform Code Reds?

-No, sir. No book, sir.

-No further questions.

 

-Corporal, would you turn to the page in this book....

that says where the mess hall is, please?

 

-Lieutenant Kaffee, that's not in the book, sir.

-You mean to say in all your time at Gitmo you've never had a meal?

-No, sir. Three squares a day, sir.

-I don't understand.

How did you know where the mess hall was if it's not in this book?

-Well, I guess I just followed the crowd at chow time, sir.

-No more questions.

 

- Corporal Barnes, you may step down.

- Thank you, sir.

 

 

7:00 tonight we'll do a final Kendrick review.

 

-I want to slam-dunk this guy.

 

 

-Hey, Luther.

 

-Admiral, how's the big case going?

- Nose to the grindstone.

- No flies on you.

- A rolling stone gathers no moss.

- Well, it ain't over till the fat lady sings.

- You can say that again.

- It ain't over till the fat lady sings.

- Till the fat lady sings.

 

-Walked into that one.

 

Oh, Jesus Christ!

- You left the door unlocked.

- You scared the shit out of me.

- Just keep driving. -

- Are you aware you're under subpoena?

- Yes. I'm also aware that the lives of two Marines are in your hands.

- If there was something I could do about that, I would.

But since I can't, all I can do is help you.

- What do you know?

- I know everything.

- Was it a Code Red?

- Yes.

- Did Kendrick give the order?

- Yes.

- Did you witness it?

- I didn't need to.

- Then how do you know? You know shit.

- He was never gonna be transferred off that base.

Jessup was gonna keep him on the base. He said he wanted him trained.

- The transfer order has your signature.

- Yeah, I know.

- I signed it the morning you arrived in Cuba, five days after Santiago died.

- I'm gonna get you a deal, some kind of immunity with the prosecutor.

In about four days, you'll appear as a witness and tell what you know.

I'm gonna check you into a motel. We are gonna start from the beginning.

- I don't want a deal, and I don't want immunity.

I want you to know that I'm proud neither of what I've done or am doing.

 

- Where is he?

- The Downtown Lodge in Northeast.

- I want him guarded.

- That's a good idea.

 

- My clearance code is 411527273.

- Clearance code?

- Thank you.

- Do you have a clearance code?

 

-This is Jo Galloway. I need to secure a witness.

 

-Anyway, he also said that Jessup's lying about the transportation off the base.

Jessup said that 6:00 the next morning was the first flight leaving.

Markinson says there was a plane that left seven hours earlier.

That was impressive. Did you hear what I said about the flight?

 

- Sam, when a flight takes off, there's a record kept, right?

- Yeah, you need the tower chiefs log from Gitmo.

- Get it.

- We're gonna win.

- We don't know who Markinson is. We don't know what the logbook will say.

You just concentrate on Downey. I'm gonna tell Ross where we are.

 

- Nice work today. Redirect on Barnes.

- I have Markinson.

- Where is he?

- Motel room in Northeast with six Federal Marshalls outside his door.

The transfer that Markinson signed is phony.

Jessup's statement that the 6:00 a.m. flight was the first available is a lie.

We're checking the tower chiefs log. I'd like a beer, please.

In the meantime, I'm gonna put Kendrick on the stand and have some fun.

-All right, I have an obligation to tell you...

that if you accuse Kendrick or Jessup of any crime without proper evidence...

you'll be subject to a court-martial for professional misconduct.

That's something that'll be stapled to every job application you ever fill out.

Markinson's not gonna hold up, Danny. He's a crazy man.

I'm not saying this to intimidate you. I'm being your lawyer here.

 

-Thanks,Jack. And I think the fucking bunch of you are certifiably insane.

Your code of honor makes me want to beat the shit out of somebody.

-Don't lump me in with them just because we wear the same uniform.

I'm your friend, and I don't think your clients belong in jail...

but I don't get to make that decision.

I represent the United States government without passion or prejudice.

My client has a case.

(- Here you go. )

I want you to acknowledge that the judge advocate has made you aware...

of the possible consequences involved in accusing a Marine officer...

 

of a felony without proper evidence.

-I've been so advised.

-You got bullied into that courtroom, Danny.

By everyone. By Dawson, by Galloway.

Shit, I practically dared you.

You got bullied into that courtroom by the memory of a dead lawyer.

-You're a lousy fucking softball player, Jack!

-Your boys are going down, Danny. I can't stop it anymore.

 

 

-Lieutenant Kendrick, in your opinion, was Private Santiago a good Marine?

-I'd say he was about average.

-You signed three proficiency and conduct reports on Santiago.

On all three reports, you indicate a rating of below average.

-Yes, Private Santiago was below average.

I did not see the need to trample on a man's grave.

 

-We appreciate that, but you're under oath now.

Unpleasant as it may be, we'd all just as soon hear the truth.

-I'm aware of my oath.

-These are the last three pro-con reports you signed for Lance Corporal Dawson.

Dawson received two marks of exceptional...

but on this most recent report of June 9 he received a rating of below average.

I'd like to discuss this last report.

- That would be fine.

-Lance Corporal Dawson's ranking after the school of infantry was perfect.

Over half that class has since been promoted to full corporal...

while Dawson has remained a lance corporal.

Was Dawson's promotion held up because of this last report?

-I'm sure it was.

Do you recall why Dawson was given such a poor grade on this report?

-I'm sure I don't.

 

I have many men in my charge. I write many reports.

-Lieutenant, do you recall an incident involving a P.F.C. Curtis Bell...

who'd been found stealing liquor from the Officers' Club?

-Yes, I do.

-Did you report Private Bell to proper authorities?

-I have two books at my bedside--

The Marine Corps Code of Conduct and The King james Bible.

The only proper authorities I'm aware of are my commanding officer...

Colonel Nathan R.Jessup and the Lord our God.

 

-At your request, Lieutenant Kendrick, I can have the record reflect...

your lack of acknowledgement of this court as a proper authority.

 

- Objection. Argumentative. - Sustained.

-Watch yourself, counselor.

-Did you report Private Bell to your superiors?

-I remember thinking very highly of Private Bell--

not wanting to see his record tarnished by a formal charge.

-You preferred it be handled within the unit?

-Yes, I most certainly did.

- Do you know what a Code Red is?

- Yes, I do.

- Have you ever ordered a Code Red?

- No, I have not.

- Did you order Dawson and two other men to make sure that Private Bell...

received no food or drink, except water, for a period of seven days?

-That is a distortion of the truth, Lieutenant.

Private Bell was placed on barracks restriction.

He was given water and vitamin supplements, and I can assure you...

at no time was his health in danger.

-I'm sure it was lovely for Private Bell.

But you did order the barracks restriction, didn't you?

 

- You did order the denial of food?

- Yes, I did.

- Wouldn't this form of discipline be considered a Code Red?

If I called the other 478 Marines at Guantanamo Bayto testify...

would they consider it a Code Red?

-The witness can't possibly testify as to what 478 other men would say.

 

-We object to this entire line of questioning. It's argumentative...

and irrelevant badgering of the witness.

-The government's objection is sustained, Lieutenant Kaffee...

and I would remind you that you're now questioning a Marine officer...

with an impeccable service record.

-Thank you, Your Honor.

 

-Lieutenant, was Dawson given a rating of below average on this last report...

because you learned he'd been sneaking food to Private Bell?

 

- Object!

- Not so fast. Lieutenant?

 

-Lance Corporal Dawson was given a below average rating...

because he had committed a crime.

-A crime? What crime did he commit?

Dawson brought a hungry guy some food. What crime did he commit?

-He disobeyed an order.

-And because he exercised his own set of values...

because he made a decision about the welfare of a Marine...

that was in conflict with your order, he was punished, is that right?

-Lance Corporal Dawson disobeyed an order.

-Yeah, but it wasn't a real order, was it?

After all, it's peacetime.

He wasn't being asked to secure a hill or advance on a beachhead.

I mean, surely a Marine of Dawson's intelligence...

can be trusted to determine on his own which are the important orders...

and which orders might, say, be morally questionable?

Can he?

Can Dawson determine on his own which orders he's going to follow?

-No, he cannot.

-A lesson he learned after the Curtis Bell incident, right?

- I would think so.

- You know so, don't you?

 

- Object! - Sustained.

 

-Lieutenant Kendrick, one final question.

If you had ordered Dawson to give Santiago a Code Red--

- I specifically ordered those men--

- Would he disobey you again?

- Lieutenant, don't answer that!

- You don't have to.

-I'm through.

 

-Lieutenant Kendrick, did you order Lance Corporal Dawson...

and Private Downey to give Willie Santiago a Code Red?

- No, I did not. - Thank you.

 

 

What's the word?

 

- I got the tower chiefs log from that night. Jessup's telling the truth.

- 6:00 a.m. flight was the first plane.

- Let me see this.

- Working late tonight?

- Oh, yeah.

 

-There wasn't a flight at 11 :00. What the fuck are you trying to pull?

 

-The first flight stateside left Guantanamo Bay at 2300.

It arrived at Andrews Air Force Base at a few minutes past 2:00.

 

-Really? Then why isn't it listed in the tower chiefs log?

-Jessup.

-What are you telling me? He fixed the logbook?

-Maybe he can make it so a plane didn't take off, but I can prove one landed.

-I'll get the logbook from Andrews.

-You're not gonna find anything in the Andrews logbook, either.

-He can make an entire flight disappear?

-Jessup is about to be appointed director of operations for the Security Council.

You don't get to that position without knowing how to sidestep some land mines.

-He's not gonna be able to sidestep you.

-You don't still intend to put me on the stand?

-Thursday morning, 10:00.

 

(Joanne)

-There's gotta be someone who can testify to the flight.

-This isn't TWA. There isn't a regular flight schedule.

Do you have any idea how many planes take off and land every day?

A ground crew kid won't remember a flight that landed four weeks ago.

 

- How do you know if you don't check?

- Forget the flight!

Markinson will testify that Jessup refused to transfer Santiago.

He'll testify to the forged transfer, and that'll be enough.

That and Downey's testimony really ought to be enough.

 

유치장

-Why did you go into Santiago's room on the night of the 6th?

-To give Private Santiago a Code Red, ma'am.

 

-Why did you give him a Code Red?

-I was ordered to give him a Code Red by the platoon commander...

of Rifle Security Company Windward, Lieutenant Jonathan James Kendrick.

-You're gonna do fine.

-You think they'll let us go back to our platoon soon, ma'am?

-Absolutely.

 

-Do you remember the order of questions? Are you sure?

And we'll use small words, 'cause he gets rattled if he doesn't understand.

I'm just saying go slow.

- I'm gonna go slow.

-And get him off as fast as you can.

-Joanne?

-What? It's gonna be fine.

 

Dear Mr. and Mrs. Santiago...

I was William's executive officer.

I knew your son vaguely, which is to say I knew his name.

In a matter of time, the trial of the two men...

charged with your son's death will be concluded...

and seven men and two women whom you've never met...

will try to offer you an explanation as to why William is dead.

For my part, I've done as much as I can to bring the truth to light.

And the truth is this--

Your son is dead for only one reason--

I wasn't strong enough to stop it.

Always, Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Andrew Markinson...

United States Marine Corps.

 

-Private, I want you to tell us one last time.

Why did you go to Private Santiago's room on the night of September 6?

-A Code Red was ordered by my platoon commander...

Lieutenant Jonathan James Kendrick.

-Thank you.

Your witness.

 

-Private, the week of 2 September...

the switch log has you down at Post 39 until 1600.

Is that correct?

-I'm sure it is, sir. They keep that log pretty good.

-How far is it from Post 39 to the Windward Barracks?

-Well, it's a ways, sir. It's a hike.

-About how far by Jeep?

-About ten or fifteen minutes, sir.

-You ever had to walk it?

-Yes, sir. That day, Friday. The pickup private--

That's what we call the guy who drops us off and picks us up...

also 'cause he can get girls in New York City.

The pickup private got a flat, sir, right at 39.

He pulled up and, bam, blowout with no spare.

So we had to double-time it back to the barracks.

-And if it's about ten or fifteen minutes by Jeep, I'm guessing...

it must be a good hour by foot, am I right?

-Pickup and me did it in 45 flat, sir.

-Not bad.

 

-You've said that your assault on Private Santiago...

was a result of an order that Lieutenant Kendrick gave you...

in your barracks room at 1620, am I right?

-Yes, sir.

 

-But you just said that you didn't make it back to the barracks until 16:45.

Well, if you didn't make it back to the barracks until 16:45...

how could you be in your room at 16:20?

-Well, you see, sir, there was a blowout--

-Did you ever actually hear Lieutenant Kendrick order a Code Red?

-Well, Hal said that--

-Private, did you ever actually hear...

Lieutenant Kendrick order a Code Red?

(-I'd like to request a recess in order to confer with my client. )

- Why did you go into Santiago's room?

- The witness has rights!

- The witness has been read his rights.

- The question will be repeated.

Why did you go into Santiago's room?

Did Lance Corporal Dawson tell you to give Santiago a Code Red?

- Don't look at him! - Hal!

Answer the captain's question!

-Yes, Captain, I was given an order by my squad leader...

Lance Corporal Harold W. Dawson, United States Marine Corps...

and I followed it.

 

-Where do you think he is?

-As far as Downey was concerned, it was an order from Kendrick.

It doesn't matter that he didn't hear it firsthand.

He doesn't distinguish between the two.

 

- Danny, I'm sorry.

- Don't worry about it.

Sam and I were just talking about how all we really have to do...

is call some witnesses who will talk about implied orders.

Maybe we can put Downey back on the stand before we get to Dawson.

 

- If we work at it, we can get Dawson charged with the Kennedy assassination.

-Are you drunk?

-Pretty much. Yeah.

-I'll put on a pot of coffee. We've got a long night's work ahead.

-She's gonna make coffee. That's nice.

Downey wasn't in his room.

Wasn't even there.

That was an important piece of information, don't you think?

 

-Danny, it was a setback, and I'm sorry.

But we fix it, and move on to Markinson.

 

-Markinson's dead.

You really gotta hand it to those Federal Marshals, boy.

It's not like he hanged himself by his shoelaces...

or slashed his wrists with a concealed butter knife.

This guy...

got into full dress uniform, stood in the middle of that room...

drew a nickel-plated pistol from his holster...

and fired a bullet into his mouth.

Anyway, since we seem to be out of witnesses, I thought I'd drink a little.

 

-I still think we can win.

-Maybe you should drink a little.

-We'll go to Randolph in the morning and make a motion for a 24-hour continuance.

- Why would we want to do that?

- To subpoena Colonel Jessup.

- What?

- Listen for a second. Hear me out.

 

-I won't listen, and I won't hear you out.

Your passion is compelling,Jo. It's also useless.

Louden Downey needed a trial lawyer today.

 

-You're chickenshit.

You're gonna use what happened today as an excuse to give up.

-It's over.

-Why did you ask Jessup for the transfer order?

In Cuba. Why?

- What does it matter?

- I wanted the damn transfer order!

- Bullshit.

-You could've gotten it by calling any department at the Pentagon.

You didn't want the transfer order. You wanted to see Jessup's reaction.

You had an instinct, and it was confirmed by Markinson.

Let's put Jessup on the stand and end this thing!

-What possible good could come from putting Jessup on the stand?

-He told Kendrick to order the Code Red.

-He did? That's great! Why didn't you say so?

And of course you have proof of that!

-Oh, I'm sorry. I forgot. You were sick the day they taught law at law school.

-You put him on the stand, and you get it from him.

-Oh, we get it from him! Yes! No problem!

Colonel Jessup, isn't it true that you ordered the Code Red on Santiago?

(- Listen, we're all a little-- )

- I'm sorry. Your time's run out.

What do we have for the losers? Well, for our defendants...

it's a lifetime at exotic Fort Leavenworth.

And for Defense Counsel Kaffee...

it's a court-martial!

Yes, Johnny, after falsely accusing...

a highly decorated Marine officer...

of conspiracy and perjury...

Lieutenant Kaffee will have a long and prosperous career...

teaching typewriter maintenance at the Rocco Clubo School for Women.

Thank you for playing "Should we or should we not...

follow the advice of the galactically stupid?"

 

-I'm sorry I lost your set of steak knives.

 

-Stop cleaning up.

Stop cleaning up.

 

- Want a drink?

- Yeah.

 

- Is your father proud of you?

- Don't do this to yourself.

- I'll bet he is.

I'll bet he bores the shit out of the neighbors and relatives.

"Sam's made LawReview. He's got a big case he's making.

He's arguing. He's making an argument."

I think my father would've enjoyed seeing me graduate from law school.

I think he would've liked that an awful lot.

 

-Did I ever tell you I wrote a paper about your father in college?

-Yeah?

-One of the best trial lawyers ever.

-Yes, he was.

-If I were Dawson and Downey and I had a choice...

between you or your father to represent me in this case...

I'd choose you any day of the week and twice on Sunday.

You should've seen yourself thunder away at Kendrick.

 

-Would you put Jessup on the stand?

 

- Do you think my father would have?

- With the evidence we got? Not in a million years.

But here's the thing-- and there's really know way of getting around this--

Neither Lyle Kaffee nor Sam Weinberg are lead counsel for the defense...

in the matter of U..S. v. Dawson and Downey.

So there's really only one question-- What would you do?

 

-Jo, get in the car. Joanne, please get in the car.

 

Look--

I apologize. I was angry. I'm sorry about what I said.

I'm gonna put Jessup on the stand.

 

 

-What do you suggest we do?

-I say we hit Jessup with the phony transfer order.

-What's a transfer order without a witness?

- We have a witness.

- A dead witness.

-In the hands of a lesser attorney, that would be a problem.

-Look at this. Last night he's swimming in Jack Daniels...

and now he can leap tall buildings in a single bound.

-I'm getting my second wind. Sit down, both of you.

Good. Jessup told Kendrick to order the Code Red. Kendrick did.

Our clients followed the order. The cover-up isn't our case.

To win, Jessup needs to tell the court members that he ordered the Code Red.

You think you can get him to say it?

I think he wants to say it.

I think he's pissed off that he's got to hide from us.

I think he wants to say that he made a command decision, and that's the end.

He eats breakfast 300 yards away...

from 4,000 Cubans that are trained to kill him.

No one's gonna tell him how to run his unit.

Least of all the Harvard mouth in his faggotywhite uniform.

I need to shake him, put him on the defensive...

and lead him right where he's dying to go.

 

- That's it? That's the plan?

- That's the plan.

- How are you gonna do it?

- I have no idea.

- I need my bat.

- Your what?

-I think better with my bat. Where's my bat?

- I put it in the closet.

- You put it in the closet?

- I was tripping on it.

- Don't ever put that bat in the closet.

- He thinks better with his bat?

- I can understand that.

- Stay here. I'm going to the office for a while.

- He does think better with that bat.

 

- Sam, I need you to do something for me.

- What's going on?

- Gotta go out to Andrews.

 

- Where's Sam?

- He's on his way.

- Did he get the guys?

- Yeah.

-Listen, can I talk to you for a second?

-Oh, yeah, sure.

-How you feeling?

-Well, I think Jessup's gonna have his hands full today.

 

-Listen, Danny...

when you're out there today...

if you feel like it's not gonna happen...

if you feel like he's not gonna say it...

don't go for it.

You could get in trouble.

I'm special counsel for Internal Affairs...

and I'm telling you you could get in a lot of trouble.

 

-Wait, Lieutenant Commander Galloway...

you're not suggesting that I back off a material witness?

 

-If you think you can't get him, yeah.

 

 

All rise.

 

- Where's Sam?

- He's on his way.

- Call your first witness.

- Where is he?

- He'll be here.

- Lieutenant.

Call your witness.

 

-Defense calls Colonel Nathan Jessup.

 

-Colonel Jessup, would you raise your right hand please, sir?

-Do you solemnly swear that the testimony you will give in this court-martial...

will be the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth?

-Yes, I do.

 

-Have a seat please, sir.

 

-Would you state your name, rank and current billet for the record, sir?

-Colonel Nathan R.Jessup, commanding officer...

Marine Ground Forces, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

- Thank you, sir.

 

-Colonel, when you learned of Santiago's letter to the N.I.S....

you had a meeting with your two senior officers.

Is that right?

- Yes.

 

-The platoon commander, Lieutenant Jonathan Kendrick...

and the executive officer, Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Markinson.

-Yes.

-And at present Colonel Markinson is dead. Is that right?

 

-Objection. I'd like to know just what the defense counsel is implying.

 

- I'm implying simply that at present Colonel Markinson is not alive.

-Colonel Jessup doesn't need to appear in court to confirm that information.

-I just wasn't sure the witness was aware that two days ago...

the colonel took his own life with a .45-caliber pistol.

 

-The witness is aware, the court is aware...

and now the court members are aware.

We thank you for bringing this to our attention.

Move on, Lieutenant..

 

-Yes, sir.

Colonel, you gave Lieutenant Kendrick an order at this meeting, right?

 

-I told Kendrick to tell his men that Santiago wasn't to be touched.

-And did you give an order to Colonel Markinson as well?

-I ordered Markinson to have Santiago transferred off the base immediately.

-Why?

-I felt his life might be in danger once word of the letter got out.

-Grave danger?

-Is there another kind?

- Colonel, we have the transfer order that you and Markinson co-signed...

ordering that Santiago be on a flight leaving Guantanamo at 6:00 the next day.

Was that the first flight?

- The 06:00 was the first flight.

- You flew up to Washington this morning. Is that right?

I notice you're wearing your class "A" dress uniform in court today.

- As are you, Lieutenant.

- Did you wear that on the plane?

-Please the court, is this dialogue relevant to anything--

-Defense didn't have the opportunity to depose this witness.

I'd ask for a little latitude.

- A very little latitude.

- I wore utilities on the plane.

- You brought your dress uniform? -

- Yes.

- Toothbrush, shaving kit, underwear?

- Your Honor!

- Is the colonel's underwear a matter of national security?

- Gentlemen! You better get somewhere fast with this, Lieutenant.

- Yes, sir. Colonel?

- I brought a change of clothes and some personal items.

- Thank you.

 

-After Dawson and Downey's arrest on the night of the sixth...

Santiago's barracks were sealed off and its contents inventoried.

" Four pairs camouflage pants, three long-sleeve khaki shirts...

three pairs of boots, four pairs green socks, three green T-shirts--"

-Please the court, is there a question anywhere in our future?

-Lieutenant Kaffee, I have to ask you to state your question.

-I'm wondering why Santiago wasn't packed.

I'll tell you what. We'll get back to that one in a minute.

 

This is a record of all phone calls made from your base in the past 24 hours.

After being subpoenaed to Washington, you made three calls.

Do you recognize those number, sir?

 

-I called Colonel Fitzhughes in Quantico, Virginia.

I wanted to let him know that I would be in town.

The second call was to arrange a meeting with Congressman Richmond...

of the House Armed Services Committee.

And the third call was to my sister Elizabeth.

 

-Why did you make that call, sir?

I thought she might like to have dinner tonight.

- I'm gonna stop this.

 

- These are phone records from Gitmo..for September 6, and these are 14 letters...

that Santiago wrote in nine months...requesting-- in fact, begging-- for a transfer.

Upon hearing the news that he was finally getting his transfer...

Santiago was so excited that do you know how many people he called?

Zero. Nobody.

Not one call to his parents saying he was coming home.

Not one call to a friend, saying, "Can you pick me up at the airport?"

He was asleep in his bed at midnight, and according to you...

he was getting on a plane in six hours.

Yet everything he owned was hanging neatly in his closet...

and folded neatly in his footlocker.

You were leaving for one day. You packed a bag and made three calls.

Santiago was leaving for the rest of his life...

and he hadn't called a soul...

and he hadn't packed a thing.

Can you explain that?

The fact is, there was no transfer order.

Santiago wasn't going anywhere. Isn't that right, Colonel?

 

-Objection. Your Honor, it's obvious that Lieutenant Kaffee's intention...

is the smear a high-ranking Marine officer...

in the hope that the mere appearance of impropriety will win him points.

 

It's my recommendation, sir, that Lieutenant Kaffee be reprimanded...

and the witness be excused with the court's deepest apologies.

 

-Overruled. Your objection is noted.

 

-Is this funny, sir?

-No, it's not. It's tragic.

- Do you have an answer?

- Absolutely.

My answer is, I don't have the first damn clue.

Maybe he was an early riser and liked to pack in the morning.

And maybe he didn't have any friends.

I'm an educated man, but I'm afraid I can't speak intelligently...

about the travel habits of William Santiago.

What I do know is that he was set to leave the base at 0600.

Now, are these really the questions that I was called here to answer?

 

Phone calls and footlockers?

Please tell me that you have something more, Lieutenant.

These two Marines are on trial for their lives.

Please tell me that their lawyer hasn't pinned their hopes to a phone bill.

Do you have any other questions for me, counselor?

 

Lieutenant, do you have anything further for this witness?

Thanks, Danny. I love Washington.

- Excuse me. I didn't dismiss you.

- I beg your pardon?

- I'm not through with my examination. Sit down.

- Colonel.

- What's that?

- I'd appreciate it if you'd address me as "colonel" or "sir."

I believe I've earned it.

- Defense counsel will address the witness as "colonel" or "sir."

 

- I don't know what the hell kind of unit you're running here.

- The witness will address this court as "judge" or "your honor."

I'm quite certain I've earned it. Take your seat, Colonel.

 

- What do you want to discuss now? My favorite color?

- Colonel, the 6:00 a.m. flight was the first one off the base?

-Yes.

-There wasn't a flight that left seven hours earlier...

and landed at Andrews Air Force Base at 2:00 a.m.?

-Lieutenant, I think we've covered this, haven't we?

-Your Honor, these are the tower chiefs logs...

for both Guantanamo Bay and Andrews Air Force Base.

The Guantanamo log lists no flight that left at 11 :00 p.m.

The Andrews log lists no flight that landed at 2:00 a.m.

I'd like to admit them as defense exhibits Alpha and Bravo.

- I don't understand. You're admitting evidence of a flight that never existed.

- We believe it did, sir.

Defense will be calling Airmen Cecil O'Malley and Anthony Rodriguez.

They were working the ground crew at Andrews at 2:00 a.m. on the 7th.

 

- These men weren't on the list.

- Rebuttal witnesses, Your Honor...

called specifically to refute testimony offered under direct examination.

 

- I'll allow the witnesses.

- This is ridiculous.

- Colonel, a moment ago--

- Check the tower logs, for God's sake!

- We'll get to the airmen in just a minute, sir.

A moment ago you said that you ordered Lieutenant Kendrick...

to tell his men that Santiago wasn't to be touched.

-That's right.

And Lieutenant Kendrick was clear on what you wanted?

-Crystal.

-Any chance Lieutenant Kendrick ignored the order?

-Ignored the order?

-Any chance he forgot about it?

Any chance Lieutenant Kendrick left your office and said, "The old man is wrong"?

When Lieutenant Kendrick spoke to the platoon...

and ordered them not to touch Santiago, any chance they ignored him?

-You ever served in an infantry unit, son?

- No, sir.

- Ever served in a forward area?

- Ever put your life in another man's hands?

- Asked him to put his life in yours?

We follow orders, son.

We follow orders, or people die.

It's that simple. Are we clear?

-Yes, sir.

- Are we clear?

- Crystal.

I have just one more question before I call Airmen O'Malley and Rodriguez.

If you gave an order that Santiago wasn't to be touched...

and your orders are always followed...

then why would Santiago be in danger?

Why would it be necessary to transfer him off the base?

 

- Santiago was a substandard Marine.

- He was being transferred--

- That's not what you said!

You said he was being transferred because he was in grave danger.

I said, "Grave danger?" You said, "Is there any other kind?"

- I recall what I said.

- I can have it read back to you.

- I know what I said! I don't have to have it read back to me.

- Then why the two orders? Colonel?

- Sometimes men take matters into their own hands.

- You've made it clear that your men never take matters into their own hands.

Your men follow orders, or people die.

So Santiago should have been in danger, should he?

- You snotty little bastard.

(- I'd like to ask for a recess. )

- I'd like an answer to the question.

(- The court will wait for an answer. )

- If Lieutenant Kendrick gave an order...

that Santiago wasn't to be touched...

then why did he have to be transferred?

Lieutenant Kendrick ordered the Code Red because that's what you told him to do!

- Object!

- And then you cut these guys loose!

- I'll hold you in contempt.

- You doctored the logbook!

- Damn it, Kaffee!

- Consider yourself in contempt.

- Colonel Jessup, did you order the Code Red?

- You don't have to answer that.

- I'll answer the question.

- You want answers?

- I think I'm entitled!

 

- You want answers?

- I want the truth!

-You can't handle the truth!

Son, we live in a world that has walls...

and those walls have to be guarded by men with guns.

Who's gonna do it? You? You, Lieutenant Weinberg?

I have a greater responsibility than you can possibly fathom.

You weep for Santiago, and you curse the Marines.

You have the luxury of not knowing what I know--

that Santiago's death, while tragic, probably saved lives.

And my existence, while grotesque and incomprehensible to you, saves lives!

You don't want the truth because deep down you don't talk about...

you want me on that wall.

You need me on that wall!

We use words like honor, code, loyalty.

We use these words as the backbone of a life spent defending something.

You use them as a punch line.

I have neither the time nor the inclination to explain myself...

to a man who rises and sleeps under the blanket of the freedom I provide...

and then questions the manner in which I provide it!

I would rather you just said thank you and went on your way.

Otherwise, I suggest you pick up a weapon and stand a post.

Either way, I don't give a damn what you think you are entitled to!

-Did you order the Code Red?

- I did the job--

- Did you order the Code Red?

You're goddamned right I did!

- Please the court, I suggest the (jury)members be dismissed...

so that we can move to an immediate Article 39-A session.

The witness has rights.

 

-Captain Ross? The members of the court will retire to an anteroom until further instructed.

 

All rise.

 

-What the hell is this? Colonel, what's going on?

-I did my job. I'd do it again.

-I'm gonna get on a plane and go on back to my base.

-You're not going anywhere, Colonel. M.P.s, guard the colonel.

-Yes, sir.

 

Captain Ross.

- What the hell is this?

 

- Colonel Jessup, you have the right to remain silent.

- I'm being charged with a crime? Is that what this is?

- I'm being charged with a crime?

- You have a right to consult a lawyer.

- This is funny. That's what this is.

- This lawyer may be appointed by you.

- I'm gonna rip the eyes out of your head and piss in your dead skull!

You fucked with the wrong Marine!

 

-Colonel Jessup, do you understand these rights as I have just read them?

-You fucking people.

You have no idea how to defend a nation.

All you did was weaken a country today, Kaffee.

That's all you did.

You put people's lives in danger. Sweet dreams, son.

-Don't call me son.

I'm a lawyer and an officer in the United States Navy...

and you're under arrest, you son of a bitch.

The witness is excused.

 

All rise.

 

-Have the members reached a verdict?

-We have, sir.

 

-Lance Corporal Dawson and Private First Class Downey.

On the charge of murder, the members find the accused...

not guilty.

On the charge of conspiracy to commit murder...

the members find the accused not guilty.

On the charge of conduct unbecoming a United States Marine...

the members find the accused guilty as charged.

The accused are hereby sentenced to time already served...

and you are ordered to be dishonorably discharged from the Marine Corps.

This court-martial is adjourned.

 

All rise.

 

- What does that mean?

- What did that mean?

- I don't understand. Colonel Jessup said he ordered the Code Red.

- I know.

- What did we do wrong?

- It's not that simple.

- We did nothing wrong!

- Yeah, we did.

- We were supposed to fight for people who couldn't fight for themselves.

- We were supposed to fight for Willie.

- I have to take these men over to personnel for some paperwork.

- You don't need to wear a patch on your arm to have honor.

 

There's an officer on deck.

 

-Airmen Cecil O'Malley and Anthony Rodriguez--

 

What exactly were these guys gonna testify to?

 

-Unless I'm mistaken, they were both gonna testify under oath...

that they had absolutely no recollection of anything.

- Strong witnesses.

- And handsome too, don't you think?

 

-I'll see you around campus. I gotta go arrest Kendrick.

-Tell him I say hi.

-Will do. 

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상담예약안내 053-744-9221 epicurean7@naver.com

,

CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

[Enforcement Date 25. Feb, 1988.] [Constitution No.10, 29. Oct, 1987., Whole Amendment]

 

PREAMBLE

We, the people of Korea, proud of a resplendent history and traditions dating from time immemorial, upholding the cause of the Provisional Republic of Korea Government born of the March First Independence Movement of 1919 and the democratic ideals of the April Nineteenth Uprising of 1960 against injustice, having assumed the mission of democratic reform and peaceful unification of our homeland and having determined to consolidate national unity with justice, humanitarianism and brotherly love, and To destroy all social vices and injustice, and To afford equal opportunities to every person and provide for the fullest development of individual capabilities in all fields, including political, economic, social and cultural life by further strengthening the basic free and democratic order conducive to private initiative and public harmony, and To help each person discharge those duties and responsibilities concomitant to freedoms and rights, and To elevate the quality of life for all citizens and contribute to lasting world peace and the common prosperity of mankind and thereby to ensure security, liberty and happiness for ourselves and our posterity forever, Do hereby amend, through national referendum following a resolution by the National Assembly, the Constitution, ordained and established on the Twelfth Day of July anno Domini Nineteen hundred and forty-eight, and amended eight times subsequently. Oct. 29, 1987

CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1(1) The Republic of Korea shall be a democratic republic.

(2) The sovereignty of the Republic of Korea shall reside in the people, and all state authority shall emanate from the people.

Article 2(1) Nationality in the Republic of Korea shall be prescribed by Act.

(2) It shall be the duty of the State to protect citizens residing abroad as prescribed by Act.

Article 3

The territory of the Republic of Korea shall consist of the Korean peninsula and its adjacent islands.

Article 4

The Republic of Korea shall seek unification and shall formulate and carry out a policy of peaceful unification based on the basic free and democratic order.

Article 5(1) The Republic of Korea shall endeavor to maintain international peace and shall renounce all aggressive wars.

(2) The Armed Forces shall be charged with the sacred mission of national security and the defense of the land and their political neutrality shall be maintained.

Article 6(1) Treaties duly concluded and promulgated under the Constitution and the generally recognized rules of international law shall have the same effect as the domestic laws of the Republic of Korea.

(2) The status of aliens shall be guaranteed as prescribed by international law and treaties.

Article 7(1) All public officials shall be servants of the entire people and shall be responsible to the people.

(2) The status and political impartiality of public officials shall be guaranteed as prescribed by Act.

Article 8(1) The establishment of political parties shall be free, and the plural party system shall be guaranteed.

(2) Political parties shall be democratic in their objectives, organization and activities, and shall have the necessary organizational arrangements for the people to participate in the formation of the political will.

(3) Political parties shall enjoy the protection of the State and may be provided with operational funds by the State under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(4) If the purposes or activities of a political party are contrary to the fundamental democratic order, the Government may bring an action against it in the Constitutional Court for its dissolution, and the political party shall be dissolved in accordance with the decision of the Constitutional Court.

Article 9

The State shall strive to sustain and develop the cultural heritage and to enhance national culture.

 

CHAPTER II RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENS

Article 10

All citizens shall be assured of human worth and dignity and have the right to pursue happiness. It shall be the duty of the State to confirm and guarantee the fundamental and inviolable human rights of individuals.

Article 11(1) All citizens shall be equal before the law, and there shall be no discrimination in political, economic, social or cultural life on account of sex, religion or social status.

(2) No privileged caste shall be recognized or ever established in any form.

(3) The awarding of decorations or distinctions of honor in any form shall be effective only for recipients, and no privileges shall ensue therefrom.

Article 12(1) All citizens shall enjoy personal liberty. No person shall be arrested, detained, searched, seized or interrogated except as provided by Act. No person shall be punished, placed under preventive restrictions or subject to involuntary labor except as provided by Act and through lawful procedures.

(2) No citizen shall be tortured or be compelled to testify against himself in criminal cases.

(3) Warrants issued by a judge through due procedures upon the request of a prosecutor shall be presented in case of arrest, detention, seizure or search: Provided, That in a case where a criminal suspect is an apprehended flagrante delicto, or where there is danger that a person suspected of committing a crime punishable by imprisonment of three years or more may escape or destroy evidence, investigative authorities may request an ex post facto warrant.

(4) Any person who is arrested or detained shall have the right to prompt assistance of counsel. When a criminal defendant is unable to secure counsel by his own efforts, the State shall assign counsel for the defendant as prescribed by Act.

(5) No person shall be arrested or detained without being informed of the reason therefor and of his right to assistance of counsel. The family, etc., as designated by Act, of a person arrested or detained shall be notified without delay of the reason for and the time and place of the arrest or detention.

(6) Any person who is arrested or detained, shall have the right to request the court to review the legality of the arrest or detention.

(7) In a case where a confession is deemed to have been made against a defendant's will due to torture, violence, intimidation, unduly prolonged arrest, deceit or etc., or in a case where a confession is the only evidence against a defendant in a formal trial, such a confession shall not be admitted as evidence of guilt, nor shall a defendant be punished by reason of such a confession.

Article 13(1) No citizen shall be prosecuted for an act which does not constitute a crime under the Act in force at the time it was committed, nor shall he be placed in double jeopardy.

(2) No restriction shall be imposed upon the political rights of any citizen, nor shall any person be deprived of property rights by means of retroactive legislation.

(3) No citizen shall suffer unfavorable treatment on account of an act not of his own doing but committed by a relative.

Article 14

All citizens shall enjoy freedom of residence and the right to move at will.

Article 15

All citizens shall enjoy freedom of occupation.

Article 16

All citizens shall be free from intrusion into their place of residence. In case of search or seizure in a residence, a warrant issued by a judge upon request of a prosecutor shall be presented.

Article 17

The privacy of no citizen shall be infringed.

Article 18

The privacy of correspondence of no citizen shall be infringed.

Article 19

All citizens shall enjoy freedom of conscience.

Article 20(1) All citizens shall enjoy freedom of religion.

(2) No state religion shall be recognized, and religion and state shall be separated.

Article 21(1) All citizens shall enjoy freedom of speech and the press, and freedom of assembly and association.

(2) Licensing or censorship of speech and the press, and licensing of assembly and association shall not be recognized.

(3) The standards of news service and broadcast facilities and matters necessary to ensure the functions of newspapers shall be determined by Act.

(4) Neither speech nor the press shall violate the honor or rights of other persons nor undermine public morals or social ethics. Should speech or the press violate the honor or rights of other persons, claims may be made for the damage resulting therefrom.

Article 22(1) All citizens shall enjoy freedom of learning and the arts.

(2) The rights of authors, inventors, scientists, engineers and artists shall be protected by Act.

Article 23(1) The right of property of all citizens shall be guaranteed. The contents and limitations thereof shall be determined by Act.

(2) The exercise of property rights shall conform to the public welfare.

(3) Expropriation, use or restriction of private property from public necessity and compensation therefor shall be governed by Act: Provided, That in such a case, just compensation shall be paid.

Article 24

All citizens shall have the right to vote under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 25

All citizens shall have the right to hold public office under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 26(1) All citizens shall have the right to petition in writing to any governmental agency under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(2) The State shall be obligated to examine all such petitions.

Article 27(1) All citizens shall have the right to be tried in conformity with the Act by judges qualified under the Constitution and the Act.

(2) Citizens who are not on active military service or employees of the military forces shall not be tried by a court martial within the territory of the Republic of Korea, except in case of crimes as prescribed by Act involving important classified military information, sentinels, sentry posts, the supply of harmful food and beverages, prisoners of war and military articles and facilities and in the case of the proclamation of extraordinary martial law.

(3) All citizens shall have the right to a speedy trial. The accused shall have the right to a public trial without delay in the absence of justifiable reasons to the contrary.

(4) The accused shall be presumed innocent until a judgment of guilt has been pronounced.

(5) A victim of a crime shall be entitled to make a statement during the proceedings of the trial of the case involved as under the conditions prescribed by Act.

Article 28

In a case where a criminal suspect or an accused person who has been placed under detention is not indicted as provided by Act or is acquitted by a court, he shall be entitled to claim just compensation from the State under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 29(1) In case a person has sustained damages by an unlawful act committed by a public official in the course of official duties, he may claim just compensation from the State or public organization under the conditions as prescribed by Act. In this case, the public official concerned shall not be immune from liabilities.

(2) In case a person on active military service or an employee of the military forces, a police official or others as prescribed by Act sustains damages in connection with the performance of official duties such as combat action, drill and so forth, he shall not be entitled to a claim against the State or public organization on the grounds of unlawful acts committed by public officials in the course of official duties, but shall be entitled only to compensations as prescribed by Act.

Article 30

Citizens who have suffered bodily injury or death due to criminal acts of others may receive aid from the State under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 31(1) All citizens shall have an equal right to receive an education corresponding to their abilities.

(2) All citizens who have children to support shall be responsible at least for their elementary education and other education as provided by Act.

(3) Compulsory education shall be free of charge.

(4) Independence, professionalism and political impartiality of education and the autonomy of institutions of higher learning shall be guaranteed under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(5) The State shall promote lifelong education.

(6) Fundamental matters pertaining to the educational system, including in-school and lifelong education, administration, finance, and the status of teachers shall be determined by Act.

Article 32(1) All citizens shall have the right to work. The State shall endeavor to promote the employment of workers and to guarantee optimum wages through social and economic means and shall enforce a minimum wage system under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(2) All citizens shall have the duty to work. The State shall prescribe by Act the extent and conditions of the duty to work in conformity with democratic principles.

(3) Standards of working conditions shall be determined by Act in such a way as to guarantee human dignity.

(4) Special protection shall be accorded to working women, and they shall not be subjected to unjust discrimination in terms of employment, wages and working conditions.

(5) Special protection shall be accorded to working children.

(6) The opportunity to work shall be accorded preferentially, under the conditions as prescribed by Act, to those who have given distinguished service to the State, wounded veterans and policemen, and members of the bereaved families of military servicemen and policemen killed in action.

Article 33(1) To enhance working conditions, workers shall have the right to independent association, collective bargaining and collective action.

(2) Only those public officials who are designated by Act, shall have the right to association, collective bargaining and collective action.

(3) The right to collective action of workers employed by important defense industries may be either restricted or denied under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 34(1) All citizens shall be entitled to a life worthy of human beings.

(2) The State shall have the duty to endeavor to promote social security and welfare.

(3) The State shall endeavor to promote the welfare and rights of women.

(4) The State shall have the duty to implement policies for enhancing the welfare of senior citizens and the young.

(5) Citizens who are incapable of earning a livelihood due to a physical disability, disease, old age or other reasons shall be protected by the State under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(6) The State shall endeavor to prevent disasters and to protect citizens from harm therefrom.

Article 35(1) All citizens shall have the right to a healthy and pleasant environment. The State and all citizens shall endeavor to protect the environment.

(2) The substance of the environmental right shall be determined by Act.

(3) The State shall endeavor to ensure comfortable housing for all citizens through housing development policies and the like.

Article 36(1) Marriage and family life shall be entered into and sustained on the basis of individual dignity and equality of the sexes, and the State shall do everything in its power to achieve that goal.

(2) The State shall endeavor to protect mothers.

(3) The health of all citizens shall be protected by the State.

Article 37(1) Freedoms and rights of citizens shall not be neglected on the grounds that they are not enumerated in the Constitution.

(2) The freedoms and rights of citizens may be restricted by Act only when necessary for national security, the maintenance of law and order or for public welfare. Even when such restriction is imposed, no essential aspect of the freedom or right shall be violated.

Article 38

All citizens shall have the duty to pay taxes under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 39(1) All citizens shall have the duty of national defense under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(2) No citizen shall be treated unfavorably on account of the fulfillment of his obligation of military service.

 

CHAPTER III THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY

Article 40

The legislative power shall be vested in the National Assembly.

Article 41(1) The National Assembly shall be composed of members elected by universal, equal, direct and secret ballot by the citizens.

(2) The number of members of the National Assembly shall be determined by Act, but the number shall not be less than 200.

(3) The constituencies of members of the National Assembly, proportional representation and other matters pertaining to National Assembly elections shall be determined by Act.

Article 42

The term of office of members of the National Assembly shall be four years.

Article 43

Members of the National Assembly shall not concurrently hold any other office prescribed by Act.

Article 44(1) During the sessions of the National Assembly, no member of the National Assembly shall be arrested or detained without the consent of the National Assembly except in case of flagrante delicto.

(2) In case of apprehension or detention of a member of the National Assembly prior to the opening of a session, such member shall be released during the session upon the request of the National Assembly, except in case of flagrante delicto.

Article 45

No member of the National Assembly shall be held responsible outside the National Assembly for opinions officially expressed or votes cast in the Assembly.

Article 46(1) Members of the National Assembly shall have the duty to maintain high standards of integrity.

(2) Members of the National Assembly shall give preference to national interests and shall perform their duties in accordance with conscience.

(3) Members of the National Assembly shall not acquire, through abuse of their positions, rights and interests in property or positions, or assist other persons to acquire the same, by means of contracts with or dispositions by the State, public organizations or industries.

Article 47(1) A regular session of the National Assembly shall be convened once every year under the conditions as prescribed by Act, and extraordinary sessions of the National Assembly shall be convened upon the request of the President or one fourth or more of the total members.

(2) The period of regular sessions shall not exceed a hundred days, and that of extraordinary sessions, thirty days.

(3) If the President requests the convening of an extraordinary session, the period of the session and the reasons for the request shall be clearly specified.

Article 48

The National Assembly shall elect one Speaker and two Vice-Speakers.

Article 49

Except as otherwise provided for in the Constitution or in Act, the attendance of a majority of the total members, and the concurrent vote of a majority of the members present, shall be necessary for decisions of the National Assembly. In case of a tie vote, the matter shall be regarded as rejected.

Article 50(1) Sessions of the National Assembly shall be open to the public: Provided, That when it is decided so by a majority of the members present, or when the Speaker deems it necessary to do so for the sake of national security, they may be closed to the public.

(2) The public disclosure of the proceedings of sessions which were not open to the public shall be determined by Act.

Article 51

Bills and other matters submitted to the National Assembly for deliberation shall not be abandoned on the ground that they were not acted upon during the session in which they were introduced, except in a case where the term of the members of the National Assembly has expired.

Article 52

Bills may be introduced by members of the National Assembly or by the Executive.

Article 53(1) Each bill passed by the National Assembly shall be sent to the Executive, and the President shall promulgate it within fifteen days.

(2) In case of objection to the bill, the President may, within the period referred to in paragraph (1), return it to the National Assembly with written explanation of his objection, and request it be reconsidered. The President may do the same during adjournment of the National Assembly.

(3) The President shall not request the National Assembly to reconsider the bill in part, or with proposed amendments.

(4) In case there is a request for reconsideration of a bill, the National Assembly shall reconsider it, and if the National Assembly repasses the bill in the original form with the attendance of more than one half of the total members, and with a concurrent vote of two thirds or more of the members present, it shall become Act.

(5) If the President does not promulgate the bill, or does not request the National Assembly to reconsider it within the period referred to in paragraph (1), it shall become Act.

(6) The President shall promulgate without delay the Act as finalized under paragraphs (4) and (5). If the President does not promulgate an Act within five days after it has become Act under paragraph (5), or after it has been returned to the Executive under paragraph (4), the Speaker shall promulgate it.

(7) Except as provided otherwise, an Act shall take effect twenty days after the date of promulgation.

Article 54(1) The National Assembly shall deliberate and decide upon the national budget bill.

(2) The Executive shall formulate the budget bill for each fiscal year and submit it to the National Assembly within ninety days before the beginning of a fiscal year. The National Assembly shall decide upon it within thirty days before the beginning of the fiscal year.

(3) If the budget bill is not passed by the beginning of the fiscal year, the Executive may, in conformity with the budget of the previous fiscal year, disburse funds for the following purposes until the budget bill is passed by the National Assembly:

1. The maintenance and operation of agencies and facilities established by the Constitution or Act;

2. Execution of the obligatory expenditures as prescribed by Act; and

3. Continuation of projects previously approved in the budget.

Article 55(1) In a case where it is necessary to make continuing disbursements for a period longer than one fiscal year, the Executive shall obtain the approval of the National Assembly for a specified period of time.

(2) A reserve fund shall be approved by the National Assembly in total. The disbursement of the reserve fund shall be approved during the next session of the National Assembly.

Article 56

When it is necessary to amend the budget, the Executive may formulate a supplementary revised budget bill and submit it to the National Assembly.

Article 57

The National Assembly shall, without the consent of the Executive, neither increase the sum of any item of expenditure nor create any new items of expenditure in the budget submitted by the Executive.

Article 58

When the Executive plans to issue national bonds or to conclude contracts which may incur financial obligations on the State outside the budget, it shall have the prior concurrence of the National Assembly.

Article 59

Types and rates of taxes shall be determined by Act.

Article 60(1) The National Assembly shall have the right to consent to the conclusion and ratification of treaties pertaining to mutual assistance or mutual security; treaties concerning important international organizations; treaties of friendship, trade and navigation; treaties pertaining to any restriction in sovereignty; peace treaties; treaties which will burden the State or people with an important financial obligation; or treaties related to legislative matters.

(2) The National Assembly shall also have the right to consent to the declaration of war, the dispatch of armed forces to foreign states, or the stationing of alien forces in the territory of the Republic of Korea.

Article 61(1) The National Assembly may inspect affairs of state or investigate specific matters of state affairs, and may demand the production of documents directly related thereto, the appearance of a witness in person and the furnishing of testimony or statements of opinion.

(2) The procedures and other necessary matters concerning the inspection and investigation of state administration shall be determined by Act.

Article 62(1) The Prime Minister, members of the State Council or government delegates may attend meetings of the National Assembly or its committees and report on the state administration or deliver opinions and answer questions.

(2) When requested by the National Assembly or its committees, the Prime Minister, members of the State Council or government delegates shall attend any meeting of the National Assembly and answer questions. If the Prime Minister or State Council members are requested to attend, the Prime Minister or State Council members may have State Council members or government delegates attend any meeting of the National Assembly and answer questions.

Article 63(1) The National Assembly may pass a recommendation for the removal of the Prime Minister or a State Council member from office.

(2) A recommendation for removal as referred to in paragraph (1) may be introduced by one third or more of the total members of the National Assembly, and shall be passed with the concurrent vote of a majority of the total members of the National Assembly.

Article 64(1) The National Assembly may establish the rules of its proceedings and internal regulations: Provided, That they are not in conflict with Act.

(2) The National Assembly may review the qualifications of its members and may take disciplinary actions against its members.

(3) The concurrent vote of two thirds or more of the total members of the National Assembly shall be required for the expulsion of any member.

(4) No action shall be brought to court with regard to decisions taken under paragraphs (2) and (3).

Article 65(1) In case the President, the Prime Minister, members of the State Council, heads of Executive Ministries, Justices of the Constitutional Court, judges, members of the National Election Commission, the Chairman and members of the Board of Audit and Inspection, and other public officials designated by Act have violated the Constitution or other Acts in the performance of official duties, the National Assembly may pass motions for their impeachment.

(2) A motion for impeachment prescribed in paragraph (1) may be proposed by one third or more of the total members of the National Assembly, and shall require a concurrent vote of a majority of the total members of the National Assembly for passage: Provided, That a motion for the impeachment of the President shall be proposed by a majority of the total members of the National Assembly and approved by two thirds or more of the total members of the National Assembly.

(3) Any person against whom a motion for impeachment has been passed shall be suspended from exercising his power until the impeachment has been adjudicated.

(4) A decision on impeachment shall not extend further than removal from public office: Provided, That it shall not exempt the person impeached from civil or criminal liability.

 

CHAPTER IV THE EXECUTIVE

SECTION 1 The President

Article 66(1) The President shall be the Head of State and represent the State vis-a-vis foreign states.

(2) The President shall have the responsibility and duty to safeguard the independence, territorial integrity and continuity of the State and the Constitution.

(3) The President shall have the duty to pursue sincerely the peaceful unification of the homeland.

(4) Executive power shall be vested in the Executive Branch headed by the President.

Article 67(1) The President shall be elected by universal, equal, direct and secret ballot by the people.

(2) In case two or more persons receive the same largest number of votes in the election as referred to in paragraph (1), the person who receives the largest number of votes in an open session of the National Assembly attended by a majority of the total members of the National Assembly shall be elected.

(3) If and when there is only one presidential candidate, he shall not be elected President unless he receives at least one third of the total eligible votes.

(4) Citizens who are eligible for election to the National Assembly, and who have reached the age of forty years or more on the date of the presidential election, shall be eligible to be elected to the presidency.

(5) Matters pertaining to presidential elections shall be determined by Act.

Article 68(1) The successor to the incumbent President shall be elected seventy to forty days before his term expires.

(2) In case a vacancy occurs in the office of the President or the President-elect dies, or is disqualified by a court ruling or for any other reason, a successor shall be elected within sixty days.

Article 69

The President, at the time of his inauguration, shall take the following oath: "I do solemnly swear before the people that I will faithfully execute the duties of the President by observing the Constitution, defending the State, pursuing the peaceful unification of the homeland, promoting the freedom and welfare of the people and endeavoring to develop national culture."

Article 70

The term of office of the President shall be five years, and the President shall not be reelected.

Article 71

If the office of the presidency is vacant or the President is unable to perform his duties for any reason, the Prime Minister or the members of the State Council in the order of priority as determined by Act shall act for him.

Article 72

The President may submit important policies relating to diplomacy, national defense, unification and other matters relating to the national destiny to a national referendum if he deems it necessary.

Article 73

The President shall conclude and ratify treaties; accredit, receive or dispatch diplomatic envoys; and declare war and conclude peace.

Article 74(1) The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces under the conditions as prescribed by the Constitution and Act.

(2) The organization and formation of the Armed Forces shall be determined by Act.

Article 75

The President may issue presidential decrees concerning matters delegated to him by Act with the scope specifically defined and also matters necessary to enforce Acts.

Article 76(1) In time of internal turmoil, external menace, natural calamity or a grave financial or economic crisis, the President may take in respect to them the minimum necessary financial and economic actions or issue orders having the effect of Act, only when it is required to take urgent measures for the maintenance of national security or public peace and order, and there is no time to await the convocation of the National Assembly.

(2) In case of major hostilities affecting national security, the President may issue orders having the effect of Act, only when it is required to preserve the integrity of the nation, and it is impossible to convene the National Assembly.

(3) In case actions are taken or orders are issued under paragraphs (1) and (2), the President shall promptly notify it to the National Assembly and obtain its approval.

(4) In case no approval is obtained, the actions or orders shall lose effect forthwith. In such case, the Acts which were amended or abolished by the orders in question shall automatically regain their original effect at the moment the orders fail to obtain approval.

(5) The President shall, without delay, put on public notice developments under paragraphs (3) and (4).

Article 77(1) When it is required to cope with a military necessity or to maintain the public safety and order by mobilization of the military forces in time of war, armed conflict or similar national emergency, the President may proclaim martial law under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(2) Martial law shall be of two types: extraordinary martial law and precautionary martial law.

(3) Under extraordinary martial law, special measures may be taken with respect to the necessity for warrants, freedom of speech, the press, assembly and association, or the powers of the Executive and the Judiciary under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(4) When the President has proclaimed martial law, he shall notify it to the National Assembly without delay.

(5) When the National Assembly requests the lifting of martial law with the concurrent vote of a majority of the total members of the National Assembly, the President shall comply.

Article 78

The President shall appoint and dismiss public officials under the conditions as prescribed by the Constitution and Act.

Article 79(1) The President may grant amnesty, commutation and restoration of rights under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(2) The President shall receive the consent of the National Assembly in granting a general amnesty.

(3) Matters pertaining to amnesty, commutation and restoration of rights shall be determined by Act.

Article 80

The President shall award decorations and other honors under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 81

The President may attend and address the National Assembly or express his views by written message.

Article 82

The acts of the President under law shall be executed in writing, and such documents shall be countersigned by the Prime Minister and the members of the State Council concerned. The same shall apply to military affairs.

Article 83

The President shall not concurrently hold the office of Prime Minister, a member of the State Council, the head of any Executive Ministry, nor other public or private posts as prescribed by Act.

Article 84

The President shall not be charged with a criminal offense during his tenure of office except for insurrection or treason.

Article 85

Matters pertaining to the status and courteous treatment of former Presidents shall be determined by Act.

 

SECTION 2 The Executive Branch

Sub-Section 1 The Prime Minister and Members of the State Council

Article 86(1) The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President with the consent of the National Assembly.

(2) The Prime Minister shall assist the President and shall direct the Executive Ministries under order of the President.

(3) No member of the military shall be appointed Prime Minister unless he is retired from active duty.

Article 87(1) The members of the State Council shall be appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.

(2) The members of the State Council shall assist the President in the conduct of State affairs and, as constituents of the State Council, shall deliberate on State affairs.

(3) The Prime Minister may recommend to the President the removal of a member of the State Council from office.

(4) No member of the military shall be appointed a member of the State Council unless he is retired from active duty.

 

Sub-Section 2 The State Council

Article 88(1) The State Council shall deliberate on important policies that fall within the power of the Executive.

(2) The State Council shall be composed of the President, the Prime Minister, and other members whose number shall be no more than thirty and no less than fifteen.

(3) The President shall be the chairman of the State Council, and the Prime Minister shall be the Vice-Chairman.

Article 89

The following matters shall be referred to the State Council for deliberation:

1. Basic plans for state affairs, and general policies of the Executive;

2. Declaration of war, conclusion of peace and other important matters pertaining to foreign policy;

3. Draft amendments to the Constitution, proposals for national referendums, proposed treaties, legislative bills, and proposed presidential decrees;

4. Budgets, settlement of accounts, basic plans for disposal of state properties, contracts incurring financial obligation on the State, and other important financial matters;

5. Emergency orders and emergency financial and economic actions or orders by the President, and declaration and termination of martial law;

6. Important military affairs;

7. Requests for convening an extraordinary session of the National Assembly;

8. Awarding of honors;

9. Granting of amnesty, commutation and restoration of rights;

10. Demarcation of jurisdiction between Executive Ministries;

11. Basic plans concerning delegation or allocation of powers within the Executive;

12. Evaluation and analysis of the administration of State affairs;

13. Formulation and coordination of important policies of each Executive Ministry;

14. Action for the dissolution of a political party;

15. Examination of petitions pertaining to executive policies submitted or referred to the Executive;

16. Appointment of the Prosecutor General, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Chief of Staff of each armed service, the presidents of national universities, ambassadors, and such other public officials and managers of important State-run enterprises as designated by Act; and

17. Other matters presented by the President, the Prime Minister or a member of the State Council.

Article 90(1) An Advisory Council of Elder Statesmen, composed of elder statesmen, may be established to advise the President on important affairs of State.

(2) The immediate former President shall become the Chairman of the Advisory Council of Elder Statesmen: Provided, That if there is no immediate former President, the President shall appoint the Chairman.

(3) The organization, function and other necessary matters pertaining to the Advisory Council of Elder Statesmen shall be determined by Act.

Article 91(1) A National Security Council shall be established to advise the President on the formulation of foreign, military and domestic policies related to national security prior to their deliberation by the State Council.

(2) The meetings of the National Security Council shall be presided over by the President.

(3) The organization, function and other necessary matters pertaining to the National Security Council shall be determined by Act.

Article 92(1) An Advisory Council on Democratic and Peaceful Unification may be established to advise the President on the formulation of peaceful unification policy.

(2) The organization, function and other necessary matters pertaining to the Advisory Council on Democratic and Peaceful Unification shall be determined by Act.

Article 93(1) A National Economic Advisory Council may be established to advise the President on the formulation of important policies for developing the national economy.

(2) The organization, function and other necessary matters pertaining to the National Economic Advisory Council shall be determined by Act.

 

Sub-Section 3 The Executive Ministries

Article 94

Heads of Executive Ministries shall be appointed by the President from among members of the State Council on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.

Article 95

The Prime Minister or the head of each Executive Ministry may, under the powers delegated by Act or Presidential Decree, or ex officio, issue ordinances of the Prime Minister or the Executive Ministry concerning matters that are within their jurisdiction.

Article 96

The establishment, organization and function of each Executive Ministry shall be determined by Act.

 

Sub-Section 4 The Board of Audit and Inspection

Article 97

The Board of Audit and Inspection shall be established under the direct jurisdiction of the President to inspect and examine the settlement of the revenues and expenditures of the State, the accounts of the State and other organizations specified by Act and the job performances of the executive agencies and public officials.

Article 98(1) The Board of Audit and Inspection shall be composed of no less than five and no more than eleven members, including the Chairman.

(2) The Chairman of the Board shall be appointed by the President with the consent of the National Assembly. The term of office of the Chairman shall be four years, and he may be reappointed only once.

(3) The members of the Board shall be appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Chairman. The term of office of the members shall be four years, and they may be reappointed only once.

Article 99

The Board of Audit and Inspection shall inspect the closing of accounts of revenues and expenditures each year, and report the results to the President and the National Assembly in the following year.

Article 100

The organization and function of the Board of Audit and Inspection, the qualifications of its members, the range of the public officials subject to inspection and other necessary matters shall be determined by Act.

 

CHAPTER V THE COURTS

Article 101(1) Judicial power shall be vested in courts composed of judges.

(2) The courts shall be composed of the Supreme Court, which is the highest court of the State, and other courts at specified levels.

(3) Qualifications for judges shall be determined by Act.

Article 102(1) Departments may be established in the Supreme Court.

(2) There shall be Supreme Court Justices at the Supreme Court: Provided, That judges other than Supreme Court Justices may be assigned to the Supreme Court under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(3) The organization of the Supreme Court and lower courts shall be determined by Act.

Article 103

Judges shall rule independently according to their conscience and in conformity with the Constitution and laws.

Article 104(1) The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by the President with the consent of the National Assembly.

(2) The Supreme Court Justices shall be appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Chief Justice and with the consent of the National Assembly.

(3) Judges other than the Chief Justice and the Supreme Court Justices shall be appointed by the Chief Justice with the consent of the Conference of Supreme Court Justices.

Article 105(1) The term of office of the Chief Justice shall be six years and he shall not be reappointed.

(2) The term of office of the Justices of the Supreme Court shall be six years and they may be reappointed as prescribed by Act.

(3) The term of office of judges other than the Chief Justice and Justices of the Supreme Court shall be ten years, and they may be reappointed under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(4) The retirement age of judges shall be determined by Act.

Article 106(1) No judge shall be removed from office except by impeachment or a sentence of imprisonment without prison labor or heavier punishment, nor shall he be suspended from office, have his salary reduced or suffer any other unfavorable treatment except by disciplinary action.

(2) In the event a judge is unable to discharge his official duties because of serious mental or physical impairment, he may be retired from office under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 107(1) When the constitutionality of a law is at issue in a trial, the court shall request a decision of the Constitutional Court, and shall judge according to the decision thereof.

(2) The Supreme Court shall have the power to make a final review of the constitutionality or legality of administrative decrees, regulations or actions, when their constitutionality or legality is at issue in a trial.

(3) Administrative appeals may be conducted as a procedure prior to a judicial trial. The procedure of administrative appeals shall be determined by Act and shall be in conformity with the principles of judicial procedures.

Article 108

The Supreme Court may establish, within the scope of Act, regulations pertaining to judicial proceedings and internal discipline and regulations on administrative matters of the court.

Article 109

Trials and decisions of the courts shall be open to the public: Provided, That when there is a danger that such trials may undermine the national security or disturb public safety and order, or be harmful to public morals, trials may be closed to the public by court decision.

Article 110(1) Courts-martial may be established as special courts to exercise jurisdiction over military trials.

(2) The Supreme Court shall have the final appellate jurisdiction over courts-martial.

(3) The organization and authority of courts-martial, and the qualifications of their judges shall be determined by Act.

(4) Military trials under an extraordinary martial law may not be appealed in case of crimes of soldiers and employees of the military; military espionage; and crimes as defined by Act in regard to sentinels, sentry posts, supply of harmful foods and beverages, and prisoners of war, except in the case of a death sentence.

 

CHAPTER VI THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT

Article 111(1) The Constitutional Court shall have jurisdiction over the following matters:

1. The constitutionality of a law upon the request of the courts;

2. Impeachment;

3. Dissolution of a political party;

4. Competence disputes between State agencies, between State agencies and local governments, and between local governments; and

5. Constitutional complaint as prescribed by Act.

(2) The Constitutional Court shall be composed of nine Justices qualified to be court judges, and they shall be appointed by the President.

(3) Among the Justices referred to in paragraph (2), three shall be appointed from persons selected by the National Assembly, and three appointed from persons nominated by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

(4) The president of the Constitutional Court shall be appointed by the President from among the Justices with the consent of the National Assembly.

Article 112(1) The term of office of the Justices of the Constitutional Court shall be six years and they may be reappointed under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(2) The Justices of the Constitutional Court shall not join any political party, nor shall they participate in political activities.

(3) No Justice of the Constitutional Court shall be expelled from office except by impeachment or a sentence of imprisonment without prison labor or heavier punishment.

Article 113(1) When the Constitutional Court makes a decision of the constitutionality of a law, a decision of impeachment, a decision of dissolution of a political party or an affirmative decision regarding the constitutional complaint, the concurrence of six Justices or more shall be required.

(2) The Constitutional Court may establish regulations relating to its proceedings and internal discipline and regulations on administrative matters within the limits of Act.

(3) The organization, function and other necessary matters of the Constitutional Court shall be determined by Act.

 

CHAPTER VII ELECTION MANAGEMENT

Article 114(1) Election commissions shall be established for the purpose of fair management of elections and national referenda, and dealing with administrative affairs concerning political parties.

(2) The National Election Commission shall be composed of three members appointed by the President, three members selected by the National Assembly, and three members designated by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The Chairman of the Commission shall be elected from among the members.

(3) The term of office of the members of the Commission shall be six years.

(4) The members of the Commission shall not join political parties, nor shall they participate in political activities.

(5) No member of the Commission shall be expelled from office except by impeachment or a sentence of imprisonment without prison labor or heavier punishment.

(6) The National Election Commission may establish, within the limit of Acts and decrees, regulations relating to the management of elections, national referenda, and administrative affairs concerning political parties and may also establish regulations relating to internal discipline that are compatible with Act.

(7) The organization, function and other necessary matters of the election commissions at each level shall be determined by Act.

Article 115(1) Election commissions at each level may issue necessary instructions to administrative agencies concerned with respect to administrative affairs pertaining to elections and national referenda such as the preparation of the pollbooks.

(2) Administrative agencies concerned, upon receipt of such instructions, shall comply.

Article 116(1) Election campaigns shall be conducted under the management of the election commissions at each level within the limit set by Act. Equal opportunity shall be guaranteed.

(2) Except as otherwise prescribed by Act, expenditures for elections shall not be imposed on political parties or candidates.

 

CHAPTER VIII LOCAL AUTONOMY

Article 117(1) Local governments shall deal with administrative matters pertaining to the welfare of local residents, manage properties, and may enact provisions relating to local autonomy, within the limit of Acts and subordinate statutes.

(2) The types of local governments shall be determined by Act.

Article 118(1) A local government shall have a council.

(2) The organization and powers of local councils, and the election of members; election procedures for heads of local governments; and other matters pertaining to the organization and operation of local governments shall be determined by Act.

 

CHAPTER IX THE ECONOMY

Article 119(1) The economic order of the Republic of Korea shall be based on a respect for the freedom and creative initiative of enterprises and individuals in economic affairs.

(2) The State may regulate and coordinate economic affairs in order to maintain the balanced growth and stability of the national economy, to ensure proper distribution of income, to prevent the domination of the market and the abuse of economic power and to democratize the economy through harmony among the economic agents.

Article 120(1) Licenses to exploit, develop or utilize minerals and all other important underground resources, marine resources, water power, and natural powers available for economic use may be granted for a period of time under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

(2) The land and natural resources shall be protected by the State, and the State shall establish a plan necessary for their balanced development and utilization.

Article 121(1) The State shall endeavor to realize the land-to-the-tillers principle with respect to agricultural land. Tenant farming shall be prohibited.

(2) The leasing of agricultural land and the consignment management of agricultural land to increase agricultural productivity and to ensure the rational utilization of agricultural land or due to unavoidable circumstances, shall be recognized under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 122

The State may impose, under the conditions as prescribed by Act, restrictions or obligations necessary for the efficient and balanced utilization, development and preservation of the land of the nation that is the basis for the productive activities and daily lives of all citizens.

Article 123(1) The State shall establish and implement a plan to comprehensively develop and support the farm and fishing communities in order to protect and foster agriculture and fisheries.

(2) The State shall have the duty to foster regional economies to ensure the balanced development of all regions.

(3) The State shall protect and foster small and medium enterprises.

(4) In order to protect the interests of farmers and fishermen, the State shall endeavor to stabilize the prices of agricultural and fishery products by maintaining an equilibrium between the demand and supply of such products and improving their marketing and distribution systems.

(5) The State shall foster organizations founded on the spirit of self-help among farmers, fishermen and businessmen engaged in small and medium industry and shall guarantee their independent activities and development.

Article 124

The State shall guarantee the consumer protection movement intended to encourage sound consumption activities and improvement in the quality of products under the conditions as prescribed by Act.

Article 125

The State shall foster foreign trade, and may regulate and coordinate it.

Article 126

Private enterprises shall not be nationalized nor transferred to ownership by a local government, nor shall their management be controlled or administered by the State, except in cases as prescribed by Act to meet urgent necessities of national defense or the national economy.

Article 127(1) The State shall strive to develop the national economy by developing science and technology, information and human resources and encouraging innovation.

(2) The State shall establish a system of national standards.

(3) The President may establish advisory organizations necessary to achieve the purpose referred to in paragraph (1).

 

CHAPTER X AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION

Article 128(1) A proposal to amend the Constitution shall be introduced either by a majority of the total members of the National Assembly or by the President.

(2) Amendments to the Constitution for the extension of the term of office of the President or for a change allowing for the reelection of the President shall not be effective for the President in office at the time of the proposal for such amendments to the Constitution.

Article 129

Proposed amendments to the Constitution shall be put before the public by the President for twenty days or more.

Article 130(1) The National Assembly shall decide upon the proposed amendments within sixty days of the public announcement, and passage by the National Assembly shall require the concurrent vote of two thirds or more of the total members of the National Assembly.

(2) The proposed amendments to the Constitution shall be submitted to a national referendum not later than thirty days after passage by the National Assembly, and shall be determined by more than one half of all votes cast by more than one half of voters eligible to vote in elections for members of the National Assembly.

(3) When the proposed amendments to the Constitution receive the concurrence prescribed in paragraph (2), the amendments to the Constitution shall be finalized, and the President shall promulgate it without delay.

 

ADDENDA

Article 1

This Constitution shall enter into force on the twenty-fifth day of February, anno Domini Nineteen hundred and eighty-eight: Provided, That the enactment or amendment of Acts necessary to implement this Constitution, the elections of the President and the National Assembly under this Constitution and other preparations to implement this Constitution may be carried out prior to the entry into force of this Constitution.

Article 2

(1) The first presidential election under this Constitution shall be held not later than forty days before this Constitution enters into force.

(2) The term of office of the first President under this Constitution shall commence on the date of its enforcement.

Article 3

(1) The first elections of the National Assembly under this Constitution shall be held within six months from the promulgation of this Constitution. The term of office of the members of the first National Assembly elected under this Constitution shall commence on the date of the first convening of the National Assembly under this Constitution.

(2) The term of office of the members of the National Assembly incumbent at the time this Constitution is promulgated shall terminate the day prior to the first convening of the National Assembly under paragraph (1).

Article 4

(1) Public officials and officers of enterprises appointed by the Government, who are in office at the time of the enforcement of this Constitution, shall be considered as having been appointed under this Constitution: Provided, That public officials whose election procedures or appointing authorities are changed under this Constitution, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Chairman of the Board of Audit and Inspection shall remain in office until such time as their successors are chosen under this Constitution, and their terms of office shall terminate the day before the installation of their successors.

(2) Judges attached to the Supreme Court who are not the Chief Justice or Justices of the Supreme Court and who are in office at the time of the enforcement of this Constitution shall be considered as having been appointed under this Constitution notwithstanding the proviso of paragraph (1).

(3) Those provisions of this Constitution which prescribe the terms of office of public officials or which restrict the number of terms that public officials may serve, shall take effect upon the dates of the first elections or the first appointments of such public officials under this Constitution.

Article 5

Acts, decrees, ordinances and treaties in force at the time this Constitution enters into force, shall remain valid unless they are contrary to this Constitution.

Article 6

Those organizations existing at the time of the enforcement of this Constitution which have been performing the functions falling within the authority of new organizations to be created under this Constitution, shall continue to exist and perform such functions until such time as the new organizations are created under this Constitution.

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